The official system of the Tang Dynasty was basically followed by the Sui system. "New Book of Tang: The Records of Hundred Officials" says: "Although the official system of the Tang Dynasty increased and lost due to the time, it was generally followed by the Sui system."

The feudal state system headed by the emperor was established relatively fully during the period of Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty's martial virtues. The emperor held the highest power of the country and had the power to seize all subjects. Laws and decrees were promulgated in the name of the emperor. The emperor had the right to amend laws and decrees, and could not be bound by laws and decrees. Under the emperor, there were three provinces, six ministries, nine temples, and five supervisors. In the central organization, the commanding and decree agencies, the sealing and deliberation agencies and the administrative affairs agencies were divided and cooperated. The responsibilities of the government and affairs agencies were very clear, and the supervisory agencies were also very complete. In addition, there was a relatively complete rank lord system. "New Book of Tang: A Chronicles of the Hundred Officials" said:

When one argues for the noble and humbleness and describes the ability, one has qualities, titles, honors, and ranks. It is promoted and lowered by the timely assessment, so one can serve as a group of talents and govern everything... At the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the system was like this.

With the development of social contradictions and the changes in the political situation, the official system of the Tang Dynasty also changed. "Encouragement and Despatch" gradually invaded the power of the original official, and some new positions caused the original bureaucratic system to be disordered. They occupied most of the power of the central and local governments. The situation at that time was as Li Zhao said in "Supplement to the History of the Tang Dynasty" that "for envoys, he was heavy, and for officials, he was light." This phenomenon also had a certain impact on the official system of the Song Dynasty. The central official system of the Tang Dynasty had roughly the following systems:

1. Together with the Secretariat of the Central Secretariat, the Political Affairs Hall

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, and the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, and the Minister of the Secretariat, all of which were prime ministers. The Prime Minister was an official who assisted the emperor in commanding the great affairs of the world. "New Book of Tang·Jianguan Zhi" says: "Assisting the Emperor and the General Administration of All Officials, the responsibilities of all matters are heavy." Later, because although Emperor Taizong of Tang had served as the Minister of the Secretariat, the minister of the Ministry of Justice avoided his position, he regarded Pushe as the Minister of the Secretariat, and the Minister of the Secretariat, and the Minister of the Secretariat, the Minister of the Secretariat, since the Sui Dynasty, "or "

Other officials were involved in the affairs of the government and those who were in charge of the government affairs were also assisted. In the Tang Dynasty, because the prime minister was respected, the lord refused to give him a lie easily, so he often took office as prime minister and pursued the title of other officials. For example, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, Du Yan was appointed as the Minister of Personnel to participate in the government affairs, and Wei Zheng was appointed as the secretary to participate in the government affairs. Later, it was also called "sponsored the gains and losses" or "sponsored the political affairs" and so on. The names were different, and they were all the positions of prime ministers. "Old Book of Tang·Biography of Li Jing" recorded in the eighth year of Zhenguan (634 AD), the Secretariat (the "Bai Guan Zhi" was called the "Pu She") Li Jing submitted a statement to "beg for bones" due to foot illness due to a foot disease.

His words were extremely earnest. Emperor Taizong of Tang was moved by it and said: I have seen that from ancient times to the present, few people can be content. Even though they are not capable of being able to bear the talent and suffer from illness, they still hold positions. The public can understand the general and have a commendable spirit. Therefore, in addition to issuing a good edict, he ordered his illness to recover from a small amount. Two or three days a day, he went to the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretariat of the Secretari

In the first year of Yongchun (682 AD), the Huangmen Assistant Minister Guo Shi, and the Minister of War Cen Changqian was the same as the Minister of War. Since then, the title of "Ping Zhang Shi" and "Same Third Ranking", which is no exception. Otherwise, the power of the Prime Minister cannot be exercised. There are only three dukes, and the Third Division and the Central Secretariat are not added. In the first year of Yongchun (682 AD), the Huangmen Assistant Minister Guo Shi, and the Minister of War Cen Changqian were the Minister of War Ping Zhang Shi. Since then, "Tong Ping Zhang Shi" has also become the title of prime minister. After Kaiyuan, those who served as servants did not add "Tong Ping Zhang Shi", and as a result, they were unable to participate in the prime minister's affairs and were squeezed out of the ranks of prime ministers.

After the Anshi Rebellion, the name of prime minister changed again. Since the 12th year of the Dali period of Emperor Daizong (777 AD), the title of Zhongshu Ling and the Jung-secret Shizhong was promoted to the second rank, so the title of "Tong-secret Shizhong" was abolished. At the same time, Zhongshu Ling and the Jung-secret Shizhong were basically both vassal commanders and were almost not set up as prime ministers alone. Therefore, the name of prime minister in the late Tang Dynasty was basically "Tong-Pingzhangshi".

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the chief officials of the three provincial governors discussed affairs in the ministry. This place of discussion was called the Zhengshi Hall. "Wenxian Tongkao·Judicials 4" says: "The Zhongshu issued an edict, and the ministry under the jurisdiction of the ministry was sealed and refuted. There were disputes and controversies, so the two provinces were asked to agree before the Zhengshi Hall to report it." Later, Pei Yan, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, moved from the Shizhong to the Zhongshu Ling, and then moved the Zhengshi Hall to the Zhongshu Ling. In the 19th year of Kaiyuan of Emperor Xuanzong (723 AD), Zhang Shuo was appointed as the Zhongshu Ling, and changed the Zhengshi Hall to the "Zhongshu Gate", and listed five houses in the rear, including the official room, the mechanical room, the military room, the household room, and the criminal room, and the judicial room, "divided the Cao to command public affairs." At this point, the political affairs

The hall has changed from being the "conventional" to the prime minister's office. The reason for this change is that before Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the prime ministers worked part-time jobs in the three provincial governors (because the chiefs of the three provincial governors still had executives in the province). They discussed affairs in the Political Affairs Hall in the morning and returned to the province to work in the afternoon. Therefore, there is no need to establish another prime minister's office. After Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan, the number of prime ministers was small, and his position was more respected, and he was basically full-time (although Yang Guozhong held more than 40 positions, he was mainly the prime minister's office). Therefore, it was necessary to establish a fixed prime minister's office, and five rooms were arranged to handle daily administrative affairs.

The Political Affairs Hall Conference is a decision-making organ that assists the emperor in ruling the whole country. The military and national affairs are agreed upon by the Political Affairs Hall Conference and requests the emperor to make the final decision; confidential matters and the promotion and appointment of officials above the fifth rank are only discussed in the Political Affairs Hall, and no official will be informed. Among the several prime ministers who discussed affairs in the Political Affairs Hall (or under the Secretariat), one of them is the chief prime minister, called the "Zhengshi Pen". During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Li Linfu and Yang Guozhong were prime ministers. One of the important reasons why they were able to act dictatorially was that they had long held the position of "Zhengshi Pen".

Later, in view of the concentrating prime minister's power and the detriment of personal arbitrary decision, Emperor Suzong "was asked the prime minister to divide the work of the government and work according to the order, and change it in ten days." The system of prime minister's writing was changed to the tenth year of Zhenyuan in the Tang Dynasty (794 AD). The purpose was obviously to prevent the prime minister's autocracy. However, after Emperor Dezong, this system did not continue. For example, Emperor Muzong, Li Fengji during the Jingzong period, and Li Deyu during the Wuzong period were all in charge of the country's rule. The size of the prime minister's power depends on the attitude of the emperor (and the eunuchs in the middle and late Tang Dynasty).

Two, three provinces and six ministries

The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui system, the Secretariat, the Menxia Province, and the Shangshu Province were also the highest government agencies in the country. They were responsible for making decisions, deliberating and executing the state's government affairs. At the same time, the former Shangshu Province's cadres were formally identified as six ministries: official, household, ritual, military, punishment, and work. There were department officials under the ministries, and the heads of the ministries were called Shangshu, deputy chiefs were called Shilang, chiefs of each department, and deputy heads were called Langzhong and Yuanwailang.

The establishment of the system of the three provinces and six ministries of the Sui and Tang dynasties was the result of the continuous changes in the central government system of feudal countries since the Qin and Han Dynasties. Its organization is relatively complete and the division of labor is clear, which is a sign of the development of feudal society to its maturity. These continued until the Qing Dynasty and basically did not change. But one thing is different from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Shangshu Province in the Tang Dynasty had a general institution called "Dusheng". The left and right ministers were in charge of the three departments of officials, households, rituals, left ministers, soldiers, punishments, and work. The left and right ministers were in the administrative supervision position, while the left and right ministers also had the nature of general affairs management.

The Secretariat of the Tang Dynasty (Sui Dynasty was called "Nei Shushu" because of taboo), the Menxia Province and the Shangshu Province were the most closely related to the Secretariat of the People's Republic of China. They were collectively called the two provinces or the northern provinces (Shangshu Province was called the southern province). The chief officials were the Secretariat of the People's Republic of China, the Shizhong, and the Secretariat of the People's Republic of China during the Kaiyuan period (upgraded to the second rank of the People's Republic of China during the Daizong period). The Secretariat of the People's Republic of China and the State Administration of the People's Republic of China were in charge of the decision-making, and the State Administration of the People's Republic of China was in charge of the decision-making. The State Administration of the People's Republic of China was in charge of the decision-making and the State Administration of the People's Republic of China was in charge of the decision-making. All the important policies of the military and national affairs were pre-determined by the Secretariat of the People's Republic of China, and drafted as an imperial edict, and submitted to the State Administration of the People's Republic of China for review and reimbursement, and then handed over to the State Administration of the People's Republic of China for promulgation and implementation.

If there are any objections to the edict drafted by the Secretariat, it can be enfeoffed or re-written. All memorials submitted by central departments, temples, supervisors and local departments must be submitted to the Secretariat for review through the Secretariat. After approval, it will be sent to the Secretariat for review or drafting the Secretariat. If the Secretariat thinks the Secretariat is inappropriate, it can also be rejected and amended. Emperor Taizong of Tang attached great importance to the Secretariat. The two provinces played a role in the central government affairs agency. He has repeatedly called the Secretariat a "confidential department". Volume 192 of "Zizhi Tongjian" recorded: In December of the first year of Zhenguan, he said to his ministers:

If the edict of the Secretariat may be wrong, the subordinates will certainly refute the right. What people see is very different. If it is difficult to communicate with each other, and if it is difficult to deal with others, it is better to sacrifice oneself and follow others. What is the harm? In comparison, some protect oneself and others will become resentful, or avoid personal grievances, know that it is not right, and obey one's feelings, which is a sign of deep trouble for the people. This is the policy of destroying the country.

It can be seen that Emperor Taizong of Tang paid great attention to collective wisdom and prevented individual arbitrary and caused "deep troubles to the people". The Secretary of the Central Committee and his subordinates assisted the emperor in deciding major plans, which was an effective measure to prevent individual arbitrary.

The Secretariat of the Central Secretariat was appointed two people, the second rank (the third rank before Daizong). In the first year of Longshuo of Emperor Gaozong (661 AD), the Secretariat of the Central Secretariat was changed to Xitai, and the Secretariat was called the Right Prime Minister. In the first year of Guangzhai (684 AD), the Secretariat of the Central Secretariat was changed to Fengge, and the Secretariat was called the Neishi. In the first year of Kaiyuan (713 AD), the Secretariat of the Central Secretariat was changed to Ziwei Province, and the Secretariat was called Ziweiling. Later, the Secretariat was renamed as the chief official of a province. The "New Book of Tang Dynasty: The Hundred Officials" says: "The Secretariat of the Central Secretariat... is in charge of assisting the emperor in the great power, and the general judge of the affairs of the affairs." Two Secretariat of the Central Secretariat were appointed, and the third rank was appointed as the deputy of the Secretariat of the Central Secretariat, and the order of the imperial court was discussed. If the four barbarians came to court, they would be reported to him. Six Secretariat of the Central Secretariat were appointed, and the fifth rank was appointed as the backbone official of the Secretariat of the Central Secretariat, who was in charge of the Secretariat of the Central Secretariat, and the attendant was participated in the important affairs of the court.

Their opinions were discussed and the edicts were drafted, and the edicts were drafted, and the seals were ordered. Since they were all in charge of the government, four prohibitions were specially stipulated, namely, the prohibition of leakage, the ban of delay, the violations, and the obstruction. They could express their preliminary opinions on the major military and national affairs discussed in the province and the memorials in the newspapers, and signed their own names, which were called "Wuhua Judgment". The opinions in the province were collected by the Minister of the Secretariat, and then handed over to the Secretariat, and then drafted the edict according to the emperor's will. This servant who was specifically responsible for writing and drafting the edict was called "Zhi Zhiyi", and the other servants should also sign their names on the edicts. The oldest among the servants was selected, called "Ge Lao", who was responsible for handling the miscellaneous matters of the province. The six servants were divided into six ministries of the Secretariat and assisted the prime minister in judging the case. The prime minister's office

There is a door in the Zhengshi Hall to the General Office of the Central Secretariat. The prime minister often passed by this door and asked the Central Secretariat for consultation. According to the "Old Book of Tang·Biography of Chang Gun", during the reign of Emperor Daizong, Chang Gun was the prime minister, so he blocked the door, "to show respect and not to communicate with each other." During the reign of Emperor Suzong, he often used his officials to know the Central Secretariat. "New Book of Tang·Chen Guan Zhi" said that because "the army was rising and the government was eager to make power, the government went to Tai Pavilion and decided to send the Prime Minister out of the Prime Minister, and the Sheren no longer obeyed the Six Caos." Until the end of Huichang of Emperor Wuzong, Prime Minister Li Deyu suggested again: "The Tai Pavilion is in charge, and the prefectures and counties are requested, and the Sheren is still a fair and stable place." But this system did not seem to have been implemented seriously at that time. The Zhongshu Sheren in the Tang Dynasty were all important positions of Qing Dynasty, which was admired by the literati, so the so-called "the extreme responsibility of literati and the prosperous selection of the court."

", it is an important springboard for the second place to become the governor of Taiwan and the prime minister. In addition, there are two officials in the Secretariat. According to the sixth rank, "New Book of Tang: The Records of the Hundred Officials" says: "There are the masters of the history of words and recording edicts and virtues, just like the system of recording events, and the end of the day is to teach the history of the country." There are 16 general affairs servants, from the sixth rank, they are the commanders to guide the court to take the lead, and the civil and military officials are the commanders to advance and retreat, praise them and worship them, and enter and exit the etiquette. The barbarians from all directions pay tribute, and the general affairs servants are also accepted by the general affairs servants. The soldiers go on the battle and are ordered to send their orders and send comfort to the families of the soldiers every month. There are also four masters, from the seventh rank, four masters, from the eighth rank, two right sank cavalry attendants, and four right sank counselors, and sarcastic counselors, and the court discusses the major affairs, and the court will be held for the above.

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To be continued...