.No matter who, if you put these eight words on, your political life can be declared over. The official first-level novel rankings are completed. Since the founding of this dynasty, no matter how capable or background he has, if he does not take office after stepping down, he will be gradually marginalized until he is completely finished, without exception. Including the god-like Liu Bowen, and Xu Ge Lao, who is known as the army of all officials, have not escaped such a fate.

But experience is just a summary of the past. If you can predict the future by relying on experience, the future will not be considered the future, but it is just a constant repetition of yesterday. One day, exceptions that are inconsistent with experience will be born, and that is the real future...

Exception starts with Sun Guan and others.

According to the convention of this dynasty, Lord Sun, who was almost killed by the emperor because of his request for the people, was not surprisingly famous all over the world. From the moment he was imprisoned, countless officials and gentry,

Even common people even submitted memorials to complain for him. On the day he left the capital, all officials left the city to see him off, and everyone wrote poems with wine and poems. The heroic feelings in the sky were not as sad as a parting. Instead, it seemed like a celebration of triumphant success, and they didn't care about the emperor's feelings.

Sun Guan went south and was welcomed by the prefectures and counties without exception. Not only did the local officials sweep the table, but the people and gentry also rushed out to welcome him. Some people even walked hundreds of miles from Linzhou to see the heroic posture of this Qingtian who ruled the people, and then bowed to him.

Although Sun Guan is famous all over the world, he has no airs. He warmly welcomes everyone who comes to visit him, whether it is poor or rich, or officials or people, he talks with them cordially and treats them with sincerity.

Someone asked him, what is the use of those quarrels with fools? He smiled and said, "I think everyone is a saint. The ranking of historical novels" the listener couldn't help but feel respect.

The further he went south, the more he received the warmer he received. When he returned to Nanjing, there were thousands of people in Jinling City that day, and people went to Yanziji Wharf to welcome their heroes back. The officials in Nanjing City were also undeniable, expressing their support for their leaders, Sun Guan first served as the Minister of Personnel in Nanjing, and then transferred to the Zuodu Censor. He has always been majestic, self-disciplined, fair and honest, and his prestige among the officials in Liudu was beyond imagination.

Geng Dingxiang, Jin Da and his younger brother Sun Ying were welcomed, and naturally they were welcomed. When they welcomed him back, Sun Ying's house had already prepared a banquet. Sun Ying's family, who was the same year and Sun Chu, who came back with him, sat down immediately. After the two of them drank the reception, everyone talked about the spectacular scene at the wharf today. Sun Ying joked: "I got six words back then, and I haven't had such a glorious life. Brother, you are worth the meal in prison."

Sun Guan and Sun Jian agreed to the second brother: "Brother went south and it was really awesome."

"Lou, are you envious?" Sun Ying said with a smile: "Actually, if you eat a court stick and are carried back, you will definitely be more popular than your elder brother."

"How old is it? Be more serious." Sun Guan couldn't hold back his face, and he changed the subject and said to Geng Dingxiang: "Tell me about the academy!"

"Why, you are finally willing to give lectures?!" Geng Ding excitedly said, "Join Chongzheng Academy. I still have the same attitude. The position of the leader is waiting for him!"

"Brother Lifeng can join, our Qionglin School is like a tiger with wings!" Jin Da, the priest of the Imperial College in Nanjing, also excitedly rubbed his hands: "You have profound skills and combined with the two swords of Tiantai, you will definitely be able to surpass all schools. I am full of confidence in this Liudu Conference!"

At the beginning of the founding of the dynasty, Emperor Taizu established the dominant position of Cheng and Zhu Neo-Confucianism through the eight-legged essay selection and awarding three "Collections". The ranking of urban rebirth novels, although this is just like Zhu Yuanzhang himself expanding his territory by force, it is just a strategy to tame the vast number of scholars, but after all, it provides the best soil for the development and growth of the scholar class.

After a period of brewing, the intellectual class of the state became increasingly mature in politics, and its elite group gradually became the literati who truly dominated the country. But at the same time, their hopes were increasingly lost control, and various phenomena suppressed by the administration policy of the second ancestor of the Ming Dynasty continued to breed. The ugliness of the officialdom and the speculation of the literati's power made people who adhere to the Confucian moral education naturally come to a conclusion: the world is getting worse and the people's hearts are not old.

These people believe that the way of winning scholars in the eight-legged essays will not only fail to make the sages deeply rooted in people's hearts, but will instead ignore the original essence of Taoism because scholars regard Confucian classics as a stepping stone to their career. The decline of Taoism and virtues of scholars will inevitably lead to the decline of Taoism and virtues of the entire country. In this way, the country of Chinese etiquette will really become a country of beasts. For this reason, they believe that it is necessary to strengthen their emphasis on Confucian classics and that the eight-legged essay culture cannot be made the entire content of scholars' learning.

Therefore, after the civil servant group became the power, the lecture movement began to appear in society. A large number of great scholars devoted themselves to lectures and teaching sentient beings. At first, the lecturers did not break out of the ruling of the Song Dynasty Neo-Confucianists. They put their hopes of saving the trend of scholars and calling on scholars to strengthen their moral cultivation, but did not dare to have any doubts about Cheng and Zhu Neo-Confucianism. They only blamed the decline of Taoism and morality on the reading class.

Only treating Cheng and Zhu's learning as a key to the imperial examination is not a conscious life need. The simplified historical novel rankings and the scholarly style is precisely because the scholars lack conscious and in-depth understanding of Cheng and Zhu's learning. Therefore, they must make the Song Confucian scholar's learning of theory truly penetrate into people's hearts through lectures, and use the banner of "preserving the laws of nature and destroying people" to cleanse the atmosphere of the official career and officialdom.

Therefore, it can be said that the lectures before Yangming were all in-depth explanations and consolidation of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism. However, from the perspective of its effect, it was extremely disappointing. Since the reign of Emperor Yingzong, the eunuchs first opened up the trend of eunuchs' chaos in politics. The vast civil servant group not only did not dare to fight against it, but instead fell under his own disciples to consolidate or improve their status. The struggle for power and profit within the civil servant group was in full swing, and politics became increasingly dark. This made Confucians who were looking for explanations for real politics from the world and the people's hearts to reflect and review the development of previous ideological and theories, especially the lecture movement, which was to attribute real politics to the world and the people's hearts, and ultimately attributed to the problem of the meaning of educating people's hearts.

Therefore, Confucians reflected and reviewed the development of previous ideological theories, especially lectures. The result led the new generation of thinkers to come to a conclusion that the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, which was adhered to the Song Dynasty, would not help change the world and people's hearts. They boldly advocated doubt and transformation of the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism that occupied the dominant position. For example, Mr. Baisha Chen Xianzhang advocated independent thinking and courage to doubt. In his words, it was "a high value for doubt," said the predecessors said that scholars were more suspicious. A small doubt would lead to small progress, and a large doubt would lead to great progress. A doubt was the opportunity to enlightenment. A little enlightenment and a great progress. In Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, it was regarded as gold.

In the era of the sci-Law, his doubts about Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism are beyond words. But the one who truly shakes and subverts the foundation of Neo-Confucianism was Mr. Yangming Wang Shouren! He has detailed theories before his theory, but only one thing should know one thing. Confucius said: "The way of university is to make clear virtue., and Zhu Xi's interpretation of this is - those who have clear virtue in the world should first govern the country: those who have governed their country should first combine their family with their family, first cultivate their body: those who have cultivated their body, first correct their hearts: those who have correct their hearts, first sincere their intentions, first seek their knowledge. The ranking of historical novels should lead to knowledge in studying things.

According to Neo-Confucianism, pursuing things to achieve knowledge is sincerity, uprightness of the mind, self-cultivation, family management, and country governance.

In the most basic link in pacifying the world, Wang Shouren proposed that it is not feasible to study things and obtain knowledge, which fundamentally denies the practical significance of Neo-Confucianism.

In order to save real politics, Wang Shouren proposed a new theory of thought in addition to studying things to gain knowledge, which is what people are familiar with "realizing conscience, what is conscience? Wang Shouren himself has made clear discussions on this many times. He said: "The essence of the heart is the law of heaven. The clear and spiritual awareness of the law of heaven is the so-called conscience. Conscience lies in the hearts of people. Not only sages, but also ordinary people are like this. Unlike the pretentious and profound Confucian scholars, Yangming Gong's meaning is extremely simple and

Understand. The so-called conscience is the inherent and innate nature of the human heart. The acquisition of this conscience does not require the external investigation, but only needs to search in the heart. The presentation of this conscience theory seems to be Mencius' "everyone has his own hidden heart, and the old tune is repeated, and it seems to be the attack of Neo-Confucianists in the Zen path. However, from the perspective of real politics, its fundamental significance is still to attack the vast number of officials and gentry groups that were increasingly degenerate at that time.

Because according to Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, which is regarded as the official study, only by investigating things can one obtain true knowledge. This theory of investigating things and seeking knowledge is only suitable for the vast reading class, and only those who are familiar with the books of sages have the ability to investigate things and become saints. This is equivalent to unclearly proposing that scholars are the noblest and smartest, which provides a theoretical pillar for the bureaucratic group to enjoy a privileged life.

Yangming's Xinxue put forward the theory of conscience, which actually brought a sense of superiority to the official and gentry groups. Since saints can not be made by studying things, and conscience is possessed by everyone in heaven, this smoothes the gap between the official and gentry groups and ordinary people. Everyone must also find their own conscience, and there is no distinction between nobility and no lowliness.

Once this theory was proposed, it was unprecedentedly widely supported by all walks of life: it not only attracted almost all scholars who were dissatisfied with real politics, but also received strong support from the business class who grew rapidly but did not receive the strong support of the social status. Even the vast majority of the people were firmly supported by this most approachable theory in history.

Thanks to its extensive mass base, Wang Yangming and his disciples were warmly welcomed by local gentry and people. They taught tirelessly and actively guided later generations, and had no distinction between teaching, from officials, gentry, wealthy businessmen, and peddlers to listen to the lectures. Despite being criticized by Neo-Confucianists, especially those vested officials, Wang Men's Xinxue spread at an unprecedented speed. After Yangming Xinxue was born for a long time, it finally overwhelmed Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism academically and became the mainstream trend of society.

In the seventh year of Jiajing, after Yangminggong passed away, his disciples upheld the teacher's will and continued to promote lectures. However, Yangminggong's academic thoughts were not consistent in his life. In his early years, he devoted himself to Zhu Zi's investigation of things.

Learning and causing illness: After the sudden enlightenment of Longchang, he realized that he was wrong in his early years and began to focus on inner understanding: in the second year of Zhengde, he proposed the theory of "unity of knowledge and action" and began to talk about his career: in the sixteenth year of Zhengde, in view of the fact that some disciples valued the understanding and neglected practice, added the word "Zhi" on the basis of "conscience," and proposed the theory of "Zhi": in the sixth year of Jiajing, he studied with Wang Gen and others on Tianquan Bridge, and proposed the so-called "four sentences and teaching methods, and finally reached the state of maturity of thought in his later years.

However, he has common problems among philosophers from ancient times to the present. He emphasizes experience and personal understanding too much, which is not to be general and abstract, and cannot be called rigorous in system. Especially, the purpose of "four sentences and other principles is very different from the previous thoughts. The disciples have no rules to follow, so they put them off and become rude in a state of disposition. Under such congenital deficiencies, the descendants of the Wangmen have moved towards the situation where they are their own arguments, separate their own families, and speak for themselves.

Qian Dehong wrote the preface for the "Yangming Biography", and said bluntly: "After the teacher died, my party's learning has not stopped. Everyone is obsessed with what they heard and established a teaching... Before the first passage, they were confused and confusing the masses, which made our party very worried. As he said, Wang Yangming's first generation descendants were among the four most prosperous families, Shanyin Wangji.

Wang Gen, Anfu, Liu Junliang, and Nie Bao in Yongfeng, all established their own systems, called the Four Schools of Wangxue. By the end of Jiajing, the latter two gradually declined, and the first two companies accounted for almost half of the country. However, they were still full of differences and disputes.

Among them, Wang Ji was an official for a short time and lived in the forest for more than 40 years. He taught every day. From Nandu, Wu, Chu, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, all had their disciples and academies. They were still traveling tirelessly at the age of 80. All the scholars in the southeast regarded it as their clan alliance, and were the Zhejiang Middle School School. This school evolved Yangming's mind study into an innate study, and regarded conscience as the pursuit of inner spirit like Zen enlightenment, and did not require effort. It was reflected in politics. It advocated that the ruler should do nothing and avoid disturbing the people as much as possible. It was naturally very popular among scholars and officials and merchants.

The same prevailing thing is Wang Gen's Taizhou School. This school reforms the mind-learning of mind to "the body is the essence," and the difference of one word changes the focus from thought to action. Therefore, it emphasizes active entry into the world, emphasizes self, advocates equality for everyone, affirms people, and respects people...

In short, it can be done just by confronting Neo-Confucianism and ethics. To some extent, it is precisely because of its popularity that the solidified society has begun to accelerate its movement and become bizarre. Moreover, its supporters mainly come from ordinary people, and the number of people is incomparable to the former.

But both sides have fatal flaws. The negative thoughts of the Zhejiang Middle School that let it go naturally are useless to save the world. The Taizhou School, which is extremely self-liberated, inevitably emerged in many madmen. From Wang Gen to Yan Jun, from Li Zan to He Xinyin, they are all fighting against dragons and snakes with bare hands. So the idea that is not something that famous religion can do, and is too biased is naturally not favored by the ruling class. Its teachings are not different, and it also makes disciples mixed with fish and dragons, making it inevitable that the upper class of society will avoid them.
Chapter completed!