.In addition, after reading all the historical books, in the second half of the sixth year of Longqing, there were only the Empress Dowager Shangren Sheng, the Empress Dowager Cisheng, and the burial of the Daxing Emperor in Dayuling. Everything else was done step by step, which was very different from what people expected.

Originally, in the eyes of the government and the opposition, the major political responsibility of the New Dynasties was published and the central candidates were determined separately. Mr. Chen would definitely be enterprising and wanted to make some achievements, and everyone was ready to be ravaged. However, unexpectedly, the young prime minister seemed to lack the interest in creating new scenes, and everything followed the original policies and guidelines.

This is not just a speculation from people, but even silent himself said several times on different occasions: "I am the leader of Gaoge, and everything is just a change in personnel, not a change in policies." Therefore, all policies in the Gaogong period must be implemented, and at most they will only be fine-tuned according to actual conditions.

In private, he explained to people around him that when Gao Ge Lao formulated the New Deal of Longqing, he participated in the whole process. It can be said that all his efforts were immersed in it. Therefore, although Xin Zheng Gong left the country, I still had to insist on implementing it. His attitude was also approved by the government and the opposition, because although Gao Gong led the New Deal of Longqing was only four years old, the effect was excellent. He did not make trouble to highlight his presence, which was a sign of his sophistication and calmness.

The Chinese New Year changed the reign of the Wanli period. In the first month of the Gengzi Silence in the Gengzi announced in the name of the emperor that the law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law of law

And this whip technique also carries all the hope of silence. This is a whip of hope for China to create a future!

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The silent soul came from five hundred years later. He knew that the Jiashen Heavenly Changes and the sorrow of China were just after Jiashu. An unavoidable sense of mission was pressed on his shoulders from the beginning, which destined him to be full of worries and unwilling to enjoy himself in his life.

In order not to let God down, he put all his personal feelings behind his mind, just to avoid being disturbed, and to concentrate on dealing with the open and secret arrows of the officialdom; to investigate and study all aspects of this country; to think about how to find a way to break through the dead tree for this old empire in almost impossible circumstances.

How difficult this is! Even with the spirit of Yugong Beishan and without God's help, it is absolutely impossible to succeed.

Silence means finding a way out for the Ming Dynasty when there is no hope at all. The first way he thought of was to colonize and expand the land, take over the Southeast Asian team while the European colonists were not strong enough, and then land in Australia. What land annexation, what food issues, and what a gap between the rich and the poor? All problems will not be problems, and the Chinese nation will inevitably usher in a second takeoff.

However, there are two eras who have a clear understanding of the silence that all the policies of this dynasty are internal. This is the necessity of the civil government. They devote all their energy to prevent rebellion and maintaining rule, without the enthusiasm to expand territory.

I said silently that it doesn't matter, I will do it. Spain, Portugal, etc., weren't it just a few madmen and a few ships at the beginning, and it set off a vigorous era of navigation? With my strength, I was many times stronger than theirs. And I didn't plan to go far away, just take down the South Ocean at my doorstep and then take over Australia. If Spain wants to fight with me, you can bypass half of the earth first. As for Portugal, it has never established a regime in Asia... They adopted the method of using military strongholds to control the route. Although it was twice the result of protecting their commercial interests, it was impossible to compete with the Ming Empire, which was fighting at home.

In fact, from the very beginning, the Portuguese...i.e., the Franji people, maintained a stay away from the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, after judging the situation, he began to plan for the Southeast Asian country since the 37th year of Jiajing. Now fifteen years have passed, he finally tried his best to seize Luzon from Spain, and used the excuse of suppressing the rebellion to the Indochina Peninsula to be king. It seemed that he had achieved remarkable results, and even Emperor Longqing felt that he could smile at his ancestors, but his silence was more bitter than joy.

Everyone knows that no matter how much land and the abundant resources are, no one is willing to go, and it is still an enclave! And he faced such a dilemma. When he incorporated Luzon into the territory, gave superior conditions, and sent troops to protect the interests of the Chinese. He thought that so many people who could not survive in the country and wanted to make a fortune would flock to him. However, the more full the ideal, the more skinny the reality. In the 44th year of Jiajing, when Luzon surrendered, the population of Chinese was 50,000, while the latest data in the sixth year of Longqing was 300,000. It seemed to have increased six times, and it seemed that the achievements were gratifying. But a little bit of tsk was full of bitterness... You know, this was a model project he was in charge of. Silence was holding on to Luzon, wanting to make Luzon a colonial benchmark and a role model for the expansion of the Chinese nation to the outside world.

Therefore, in the support of Luzon, he tried his best to not only give the best conditions to attract the population, but also asks the officials of the border to help him complete the immigration. What is disappointing is that the governors of various provinces who are extremely obedient on weekdays are very resistant to this matter. On the grounds that "the people's hometowns are difficult to leave, and they are afraid of being forced to make trouble," he shirks the blame and blocks them and disobeys them. He was forced to helplessly gather the prisoners in the prison and sent them to Luzon for a commission.

The public was angry and could not be strong even if they were silent. He could only hold back his anger and thought that it would be great if you saw the results. A few years have passed, and the plantations in Luzon finally entered a period of return, with rice, cotton, tobacco... shipped to the mainland in ships. The first batch of immigrants to Luzon were developed. These poor people who returned home in glory naturally attracted the admiration of the villagers, and many people wanted to follow them to Southeast Asia.

However, the government did not allow it. They used various reasons to prevent the people from leaving the country, and even drove those who returned home in glory, for fear that they would lead the people's hearts.

Silence has completely seen clearly. What is the crux of the problem? It is not that the people's hometown is hard to leave... They are already struggling on the verge of bankruptcy and are ready to be refugees at any time. What kind of homeland is hard to leave? It is because the government resists and does not cooperate.

The reason for the conflict between the government is very simple, that is, what should I do if the tax is left? Although I was silent and forced to buy and sell, the officials subscribed to the shares developed by Luzon, and the dividends made everyone happy. Some officials from large families even asked their clan members to quickly go to Luzon to buy a few plantations as a family industry. But when it comes to business, they still have to go to the same number - if I want to maintain the operation of the government and complete the tax indicators of the court, how can I do not have enough people?

The idea that the people are wealth is deeply engraved in the minds of every official. Even when examining, he will take the growth of the population as an important indicator. How do you let them go?

If you don’t break this shackle, you will never be able to achieve large-scale immigration, and then everything will be free of discussion.

So over the years, Silence has been thinking hard about the way to break the deadlock. However, for the huge bureaucratic group, how small is a person's power? What's more, it is the basis of his establishment. If the officials are offended, how can he gain a foothold in the Ming Dynasty?

Fortunately, God threw him five hundred years ago, not to appreciate his despair, but had prepared the keys for him. As long as he could find the right idea, he would naturally see hope.

After years of observation and thinking, he determined that the solution was, and it could only be the "one whip method"!

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Before the emergence of the One-Whip Law, the main characteristics of the state's tax and service method were the separation of tax and service, the collection of physical goods and money, and the collection of people - tax is land tax, that is, tax is tax based on the number of land acres. Service is labor labor, and for household registration, the target is household and department, which is a very heavy burden for the people.

Because this dynasty has a grassroots prefecture and county government with a medium area and a population of about 100,000, the registered officials are only magistrates or prefectures, county magistrates, chief clerks, clerks, and dictionaries.) In addition, there are more than a dozen non-registered officials recruited in the name of local officials. It is obviously impossible to make a county-level administrative agency operate with these people alone. There must be a large number of free young men and women for the sake of driving to complete various functions of the government.

The people's servants are divided into four categories, which are the so-called "four servants": Lijia, equal labor, postman, and people's bravery. The tasks of "Lijia" were originally to spread office work and urge the levy of grain, but later they developed into the government's sacrifices, banquets, construction, and feeding, etc. The "Every servant" is a regular service for the government, such as Zaoli, prison guards, kuzi, and guards. The positions of "Online Zhuan" are to prepare the husband, horses and mules, and ships to deliver official documents and handle granaries to treat food, and welcome and send officials of all sizes and pass through. "Minsheng" is used to do projects, and in an emergency, it also has the role of militia.

Before the implementation of the One-Whip Law, the tax and service policy was collected based on the different amounts of quarantine grains. This progressive tax system followed the principle of "being strong if you bear more". However, the fairness envisioned by the makers, the wealthy and wealthy households who should have undertaken more tax and service tasks were concealed by bribing the government's personnel to evade labor, which caused the poor and poor people to bear the heavy burden of corvee labor that they should not have borne, causing the people to go bankrupt and flee. This not only seriously endangered social stability, but also seriously weakened the country's fiscal and tax revenue. The reason why the government's actions to escape tax and service were escaping The reason for the poor governance is that the existence of a strong community of interests is that the gentry and clerks have an inseparable interest. Cerks are the officials who are not registered just now. They are privately hired by local officials to manage local government affairs... Like the silent father Mr. Chen He, his first job in the yamen was of this nature. They were not within the formal establishment and did not enjoy the Dai fortune of the court. In this way, although the country does not have to pay this considerable administrative fee, it cannot prevent this group from seeking personal interests in the process of entrusting the exercise of power. It will naturally seriously damage the enforcement of the law.

Moreover, these clerks all came from their local hometowns and had close ties with local gentry. They naturally colluded. One party took bribes and was able to evade taxes and service, and the other party accepted bribes and corrupted the law. This is the root of the long-term financial crisis and poverty and weakness of the Ming Dynasty.

In this world, people always laugh and cry. When clerks and gentry laugh, the people have to cry, the emperors of the Ming Dynasty have to cry, and there are also a group of people who want to cry, that is, local officials from the two capitals, thirteen provinces, and more than 1,100 prefectures and counties.

Because local officials are fully responsible for tax revenue. The fifth year of Xuande stipulated: "If the officials in the world have completed the exam for 36 years, they will be ordered to go to the department to pay the tax and grain owed, and the tax and grain owed will be subject to levy. If the exam is over 9 years, the money and grain will be paid, and the money and grain will be paid. Only when the money and grain during the post are sufficient will be granted. " During the Jiajing period, the officials in the world have been transferred to the post must strictly verify the rent and tax during the post and collect the full amount, and only when the tax is paid will be given to you."

For two hundred years, the degree of completion of tax-release grain has always been a hard indicator for officials to take the course exam. It is directly related to the career prospects of local officials. Those who cannot complete tax indicators will be suspended for the minority of salary, and those who are severe will not be promoted or demoted.

Therefore, the corruption of the tax law directly endangers the interests and joys of local officials. It is precisely because of this that the struggle between local officials and gentry and clerks never stopped for a moment, and the result of the struggle is often that strong dragons do not suppress local tyrants. Although local officials hold great power, their power must be reflected by the cooperation of clerks. China's ancient policy of "imperial power does not go to the countryside" also forced the county masters to seek help from local gentry to settle the people. Therefore, it is not surprising that they are controlled by others everywhere.

As soon as the magistrate of Hai Ruihai took office, it was not an isolated case that there were clerks and bad gentry trying to give him a threat. But not everyone had the ability to treat disobedience. Most of them either endured the loss silently, or they would become powerful and in trouble, and all kinds of problems were caused. They would be in shame after working for half a year.

Of course, some people turned a blind eye and even colluded with evil gentry to savage the people. But most officials still had to complete the indicators and strive for an early promotion, and they became the force to promote tax reform. This is also the reason why the court was ready to use the new Jinshi. Those Jinshi who were full of hope for the future would only regard the seventh-rank magistrate as the end point.

However, tax reform is a typical zero-sum game. Although the "Regulations" did not change the total amount of tax burden, and its purpose was not to reduce the burden on the people. However, just changing the way tax burden collection actually changed the taxpayers' burden on tax burdens.

In fact, compared with the previous tax system, the one-whip method is much simpler and rough. It abandoned the advanced progressive tax system and adopted a proportional tax system that is similar to a one-size-fits-all ratio. Simply put, the so-called one-whip method is the merger of various taxes and grains, and adopts a unified tax rule: all servants are merged and merged into land taxes. In principle, physical objects are no longer collected, and the service is changed from the original force difference, and the silver difference is also collected to a unified silver; and in terms of the collection method, the taxpayer only needs to pay tax silver. As for land tax transportation, the recruitment of servants is the responsibility of the government, and unlike the original, the people need to send them to designated locations.

Although simple and crude, it is the essence summarized in the hard struggle between officials and the "gentlemen-clans" in the past century. Officials realized in practice that the progressive tax system cannot be effectively implemented. The problem is not the legal content, but the government does not have enough execution capabilities to prevent local interest groups from evading the law. Therefore, the new Whip Law tries to avoid contradictions and finds a different approach to deal with favoritism and fraud by simply drawing:

First of all, it is aimed at the disadvantages of accepting bribes, doing the above and doing the following, and simply canceling different tax payment rules, and no longer dividing "official land", and all the land acres of "civil land" only pay the land tax according to the amount of stone grain per mu. In this way, with a uniform tax rate, all possible frauds in determining land tax payment rules are blocked.

However, changing from physical tax to monetary tax involves a problem of discount ratio. Individuals know that as long as there is room for flexibility, there is an opportunity for tax management personnel to make profits. The one-whip method simply uses one-size-fits-all approach and levys with the legal conversion ratio, thus avoiding loopholes in the discount link.

At the same time, in response to the loopholes in the labor service organization, the differences in the severity of different labor service differences and the gap between the severity of the people and the people avoided the important issues, the labor service was cancelled according to the household level, and all labor service was combined to collect the bank. All households also assumed labor service according to unified standards. In response to the drawbacks of lawsuits during the collection and transportation process and the huge gap between the distances caused by uneven burdens, the people's admission of the people was changed to the final settlement of the official. As long as the people paid the tax bank, they had completed their tax obligations, avoiding exploitation and extortion in the tax collection and settlement process.

From this we can see that the whip method also adheres to the principle of fairness, but this fairness is no longer the fairness in the previous sense of "the rich are more", but fairness in the sense of "one and equality". It can also be said to be fairness at a lower level. The reason is that the fairness at a higher level in the past is not only not realized, but also has damaged the minimum survival of the common people. Therefore, the whip method settles for the second best and pursues a tax method that is so simple that it is impossible to start with.

Although "all-in-one" is far from an ideal policy for ordinary people with only a few acres of land, compared with the miserable situation of being bullied by the rich, exploited by officials and even lost their entire family, the new policy redistributes obligations between the rich and the poor, keeping the burden on both within acceptable limits, which is a very realistic improvement for most people.

Moreover, the national finances can be improved, and local officials can also easily complete tax indicators. It can be said that under the current social conditions, the level of reform can be accepted by all parties.

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It has been straightened out.

The second half is a bit boring, but I have tried to write it as simple as possible. I can guarantee that after reading it, you will have a three-dimensional understanding of the one-whip method, which is also useful for the exhibition.
Chapter completed!