Historical arguments about burning books and burying scholars and respecting scholars in the Han Dynasty

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Confucius sighed, "The wise are better than the foolish are worse than the fool." However, he himself did not fully understand the true content of Laozi and Yi, otherwise he would not do stupid things. Confucius set a precedent for private education to popularize education to help people improve their level, which did change and one-sidedly exaggerate the role of learning, but also lost its natural truth, and became increasingly deteriorated in learning. However, the original meaning of learning at that time sometimes refers to learning etiquette. Etiquette in ancient times referred to the form of content processes such as sacrifices, weddings and funerals, to meet social needs. What Confucius came into contact with was only the main aspect of the content of "Etiquette". The original meaning of Confucius' learning and learning was not the current learning technical knowledge, but "restraining oneself and restoring etiquette". What Confucius said about learning was to learn the etiquette content and practice it repeatedly according to fixed etiquettes, which could not promote social development.

Confucius' theory was not popular in the historical period at that time, because the emerging forces at that time were competing for or consolidating their status, and Confucius' theory was not applicable at that time, so no one accepted Confucius' theory. Confucius originally planned to convince a monarch with his preaching and seek a job there to make a living. The result of his efforts was that he was disappointed and had to make a living by teaching. Confucius advocated not natural knowledge, but to cultivate the benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trustworthiness of the imperial literati. However, his disciples were not as lucky as him. Not only did they not, these nerds were all caught by Qin Shihuang, and a terrible incident of burning books and burying scholars in history came.

"Records of the Grand Historian? The Basic Annals of Qin Shihuang": "Prime Minister Li Si said: 'The Five Emperors did not return each other, and the three generations did not follow each other, and each was governed, not the opposite, and the times changed. Now Your Majesty has created great achievements and made achievements for all generations, which is not known to fools. Moreover, Yue said it is the affairs of the three generations, so what is the law? The princes fought against each other in different times, and they were recruited to study abroad. Today, the law was determined, and the people were in charge of the family and worked hard to farm and worker, and scholars learned the laws and regulations to break the ban. Now the students did not learn from the present but learned the ancients, because they were not the current world, and they were confused and confused. The Prime Minister said ignorantly: In ancient times, the world was scattered and chaotic, and no one could do it. Therefore, the princes made the same words, and all the words were told to harm the present, and they decorated the false words to disrupt the reality. People were good at what they learned privately, so that the emperor had heaven. Today, the emperor had heaven.

Next, separate black and white, and set a single master. When private studies are given to each other and illegal teachings, people will discuss it according to their studies. When they enter, they will not be interested in their hearts. When they leave, they will discuss it, praise the master for being famous, and take the other to be high, and lead the subordinates to commit slander. In this way, the master's power will be lowered to the superiors, and the party will be together with the subordinates. The convenience of the ban. The ministers asked historians to burn them all without Qin Ji. They are not under the position of doctoral officials. Those who dare to have hidden poems and books, and those who speak hundreds of schools of thought will go to the guards and burn them. Some people who dare to speak poems and books occasionally abandon the market. Those who are not in the present tribes. Those who are not in the past and do not take the same crime as the same crime. The order does not burn them for thirty days and make a city or a city. Those who do not leave are books for medicine, divination and plant trees. If you want to learn the law, you should use the officials as your teacher. The commander said: "Can't be." I'm afraid that they will be confused and confused.

"Mencius? Wanzhangxia": "The princes hate the harm of themselves, and they all leave their books." Because the Qin Dynasty had already obtained some historical materials and classics of the Zhou Dynasty. Whoever got the true teachings won the world, just like Qin Xing in history and hated and feared him. (Legendary Laozi came out of the pass from Hangu Pass to Qin State. "Records of the Grand Historian? Book of Fengshan": "Forty-eight years later, Zhou Taishi Dan met Qin Xiangong and said, "Qin first merged with Zhou, and they were separated. At five hundred years, they should be reunited. After 17 years of merger, the overlord came out. "Liyang Yujin, Duke Xian of Qin thought he had obtained it.

Jin Rui, who was supposed to be a ridge and abdicated to the Bai Emperor, was worshipped by Emperor Bai. Later, Qin destroyed Zhou at the age of 120, and the nine tripods of Zhou entered Qin. Some say that the Taiqiu Society of Song Dynasty was destroyed, and the tripods were destroyed under Pengcheng in Sishui. Later, Qin merged with the world in 115 years.") The burning of historical documents and classics was not the only one of Qin Shihuang, which led to the loss of ancient and glorious culture in China. Therefore, it can be seen that there were taboos in all dynasties and did not meet their taste requirements politically, so all classics before "Shangshu? Yao Dian" were abolished or destroyed.

The Spring and Autumn Period was a feudal hereditary system. Unlike the Spring and Autumn Period, it was an era when heroes emerged or showed their abilities during the Warring States Period. As long as they had talent, they would become commoners and ministers in the court. This was also one of the reasons for Qin's rise. Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall not for unification, but it happened to be a destruction of national unity. Qin Shihuang was not the first person to unify China. Qin Shihuang unified only words, etc. Qin Shihuang was an excessive, but there must be reasons and explanations. This was the reason for the rapid rise of the Qin Dynasty and the rapid demise of Qin. Instead, it provided an example for later rulers to learn from. Qin Shihuang left this book of "The Book of Changes", which was not included in Confucian books. Because Qin Shihuang's destruction of traditional cultural classics, some official historical records before the Zhou Dynasty were lost. Zhou's history was not completely destroyed by Qin, but some were never passed down.

"Records of the Grand Historian? Almanac": "After You and Li, Zhou Shiwei, accompanied the ministers in power, and the history did not record the time, and the king did not report the new news. Therefore, the children of the people in the Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celestial Celest

There are some ridicule. The reason why poetry and books are seen again is that they are mostly hidden in other families, but the records of the Grand Historian are hidden in the Zhou Dynasty, so they are destroyed. How regretful is it! The only record of Qin does not contain the sun and the moon, and its text is not clear. However, there are also some powerful changes in the Warring States Period, so why should we go to ancient times? Qin took over the world and changed the world, and it was successful. Why is it? Because it is close to oneself and the customs are similar in disguise, it is easy to act. Scholars are concerned about what they hear, and they see that Qin is in the throne of the emperor, and they do not observe the beginning and beginning, and they laugh at it because of their pride, and they dare not say that this is no different from eating with their ears. Sadness!"

Later, when the Han Dynasty gained status and needed to maintain a lasting rule, they remembered that Confucius' theory was very helpful to rule, so the people in power began to respect Confucius again. They also rescued and collected ancient books, and recovered some of them, providing materials for Sima Qian's writing of "Records of the Grand Historian" Xu Shen wrote "Shuowen Jiezi". The papermaking technique of the Han Dynasty also provided convenient conditions for cultural inheritance. Seizing power and seizing power were two completely different stages.

Confucius' self-restraint, rebuilding etiquette and restoring etiquette is of course a good thing for those in power. From the folk family rules to the national laws and political etiquette and the political etiquette are completely in line with the taste of the rulers. The ethical requirements, benevolence, loyalty, forgiveness, filial piety and brotherhood mentioned by Confucius are ultimately to please the rulers, and serve the rulers in a variety of ways, not entirely for the general public. Confucius' loyalty and filial piety are set for the rulers and are contrary to ethics. Of course, morality will not change for thousands of years, but whether it can be presided over and achieve true moral justice in actual operation. Human ethics are derived from the morality of heaven and earth, in line with the spirit of heaven and earth, and are outlined. Confucius only advocates the conduct of etiquette activities, but does not know that the real content of etiquette contains substantive, etiquette is a form, and there is a story content.

Confucianism only cares about political and personnel activities but not nature. It is different from the ways in which predecessors first care about nature and then politics. It is a difficult understanding of the cart. The so-called outline is to confuse several human relations to divert people's attention and achieve the purpose of rule. The relationship between the monarch and the minister and the father and son is completely different. Etiquette must be avoided, but it cannot be too much. Loyalty without principles is ignorance and the theoretical basis for pleasing the rulers. Later emperors worshipped Confucius for political purposes. Of course, Confucius was not useless. Later Han rulers felt that Confucius' preaching still had certain useful value, so they erected monuments and built Confucius Temples for him. Han Confucians once rescued them, and Confucius was gradually revived.

It was not until Emperor Wu of Han that all schools of thought were abolished and Confucianism was regarded as a classic. Confucianism became a sharp weapon or had a mainstream position in the hands of the upper rulers. Confucianism respected Confucius and recorded the copyrights of many documents on Confucius. Confucianism was confused by China for more than two thousand years and laid the foundation for China's decline. The imperial examination was an important way to promote talents, but Confucianism has always been used as a measure. The Han Confucianism theory has been misunderstood for thousands of years, but people still don't realize it. Because those in power in the past dynasties have passed

Respecting Confucius and admiring Confucius led to misunderstandings, misunderstandings, loss and confusion in the understanding of ancient Chinese culture. In fact, ancient Chinese culture lost its original appearance under the misunderstandings and distortions of Confucianism. Qin Emperor, Han Wu, Tang Zong, and Song Zu were gradually declining. This is also one of the reasons why our Chinese nation is lagging behind among the world's nations. The idea guided by the "Yi" is the reason why Taoism or other schools promotes the ideological understanding and technological progress of the Chinese nation.

Why is Confucius respected in the Han Dynasty

When the Han Dynasty conquered the world, all Confucian scholars were useless. When Liu Bang became the emperor, his generals, advisers and other generals did not abide by the rules in the past, Liu Bang felt that he did not have the majesty of the emperor, so he invited some Confucian scholars to formulate etiquette, maintain the dignity of the emperor's support, and let the generals follow. Confucius' etiquette really made the Han emperor's desire to honor the emperor. The emperor tasted the sweetness, and in turn gave Confucius a thank you, and from then on, he began to respect Confucius.

See "Book of Han":

When the Han Dynasty was in full swing, the chaos was corrected, and there was no time to give it to him. He still ordered Shusun Tong to prepare etiquette to correct the position of the monarch and minister. Emperor Gaozu sighed and said, "I know it is the most noble of the emperor today!" He followed the rules and established the rituals and laws, and the end was completed without complete preparation.

Shusun Tong was a native of Xue. During the Qin Dynasty, he was recruited by literature and was appointed as a doctor. In the second year of the Han Dynasty, the King of Han entered Pengcheng from the five princes and surrendered to the King of Han.

Tong surrendered to Han, and followed more than a hundred disciples, but there was no one to advance. He said that all the thieves and heroes advanced to him. The disciples all said, "I have been serving the teacher for several years, but I am fortunate to surrender to Han. Now I don't want to be promoted to the ministers. Why do you say that you are so cunning?" Tong then said, "The King of Han is just fighting against the world by arrows and stones. How can all the students fight? So I first say that the generals and people are beheading the men and robbing the flag. All the students will treat me, and I will never forget them." The King of Han appointed Tong as a doctor and named Ji Sijun.

The King of Han had already merged with the world, and the princes respected the emperor as the emperor in Dingtao, and they all regarded their rituals. Emperor Gao all left Qin Yi and made it simple. The ministers drank and competed for merit, got drunk and shouted, drew their swords and hit the pillars, and the emperor was worried about it. The informant also disliked it, saying, "Confucians are difficult to make progress with the progress of the people of Lu, and they can set up court rituals with their disciples." Emperor Gao said, "Is it difficult to get it?" Tong said, "The Five Emperors have different music, and the Three Kings have different rituals. Etiquette is the one who is responsible for the moral character of the world. Therefore, the Xia, Yin, and Zhou rituals are known because of the gains and losses of the rituals of the Zhou rituals, which is said to be that they do not return. I am willing to adopt ancient rituals and mixed with Qin rituals." The emperor said, "You can try to do it, so that it can be understood and what I can do."

So Tong sent more than 30 students to conquer Lu. Two of the Lu students refused to do it, saying, "The ten people who are in charge of the Duke are all rich and noble. Today, the dead are not buried, the injured have not yet arisen, and they want to rituals and music. The rituals and music are started, and they can only be promoted after a hundred years of accumulation of virtue. I cannot bear to do what the Duke does. What the Duke does not conform to the ancient times, so I will not do it. I will not defile me!" Tong smiled and said, "If you really despise the Confucian scholars, you do not know the changes of the times." So he went to the thirty people he conquered to the west, and went to the left and right scholars and his disciples to make a slept in the wild. After practicing for more than a month, Tong said, "You can try to observe." The Duke sent a ritual and said, "I can do this." He ordered the ministers to study and study and meet for ten months.

In the seventh year of the Han Dynasty, the Changle Palace was established, and the ministers of the princes and ministers were in charge of the dynasty in October. Yi: First, the envoys were in charge of rituals and led them to the palace gate. The court held chariots, garrisons, guards, soldiers, and flags. The saying was "Tei". Your Highness, the doctor, the hell, the harem, the generals, and the military officials were the next to the west and the east. The civil officials and the prime ministers were the next to the east and the west. The grand ceremony was set up with nine bins and the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the next to the last of the last to the next to the last to the next to the last to the next to the last to the next to the last to the last to the next to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the last to the

, and then he hid, and placed wine. All the attendants were sitting in the palace, and they all hung their heads, and raised their birthdays with honor and lowness. The cup was nine times, and the messenger said, "Stop the wine." The censors enforced the law and ordered the ritual to take them away. They even put wine in court, and no one dared to be rude. So Emperor Gao said, "I know it is the emperor today!" He worshipped Tong as a regular minister and gave him 500 kilograms of gold. Tong said, "All disciples, Confucian scholars, have been following their ministers for a long time, and I hope Your Majesty will be in charge of it." Emperor Gao all thought he was a man. Tong came out and gave him 500 gold to all students. The students were happy and said, "Saint Shusunsheng, knowing that he should be in the world."
Chapter completed!