The essence of the exchange standard can be summarized in eight words, namely "using gold and silver to the outside world".

Hurd noticed that one pound was exactly converted into Chinese Kuping 8. According to this currency rule, silver coins weighing 1 tael can be minted and then linked to Britain to form a gold exchange standard similar to that of India and Britain.

From a financial and financial perspective, this kind of gold exchange was originally an ideal compromise system, especially the currency unit that the Chinese silver was focused on was the British pound. As the currency most widely used in international payments in the early 20th century, the British pound played the role of a major foreign exchange currency. However, Hurd's suggestion also penetrated his own private goods - that is, through such a gold exchange standard, the results of China's currency reform were turned into a level similar to that of the British colonies.

Although India was in the late Qing Dynasty, internal and external troubles were in trouble, and the dynasty rule was in turmoil.

Some knowledgeable princes, ministers and knowledgeable people in the court submitted a memorial to the court, requesting to start from the school and military preparations to enrich the country and strengthen the army, so as to get rid of the embarrassing situation of being controlled by the great powers and be self-reliant.

It was in this strong military movement that was consistently popular from top to bottom that the Qing court formed a royal guard force in the late Guangxu period and the early Xuantong period, and formally named the Imperial Guard Army in the late Guangxu period and the early Xuantong period.

The Royal Imperial Guards were personally led by the Regent of the Regent of the State. Its establishment was actually the return and final struggle of the terminally ill Qing Dynasty before its demise; its rise and fall are directly related to the fate of the Qing court.

Many people rebounded.

After the refutation of these two proposals, the advantages of the Jinhui-Dou standard are understood, and their shortcomings are also well known. Later, the officials represented by Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong jointly wrote a letter to avoid talking about the integration of the Jinhui-Dou standard with Heguo, and instead demanded that the Chinese currency be unified first, believing that only by unifying the Chinese silver coins can the foundation for integration with the great powers. With this appeal, the imperial court formulated the "Calling Silver Coins" in 1905.

Lin Guangyu knew this history clearly and knew the new question after the publication of the "Use of the Constitution" - whether to cast a silver dollar of one or two cents or 7 cents. The faction led by Zhang Zhidong emphasized the inheritance of the empire's original silver system, advocated casting a silver dollar of one or two cents, and took the lead in Hubei; the faction led by Yuan Shikai emphasized the compatibility with foreign eagles in the empire, advocated casting a silver dollar of seven cents, and vigorously promoted it in Zhili and other places.

On this issue, Zai Ze originally agreed with Yuan Shikai's opinion, but after having a dispute with Zai Tao last time, his statement on this issue became sensitive because the object of the dispute involved the brothers of Zai and Zai Tao. Although as the Minister of Finance, he was blameless in his opinion, he was a little nervous after all.

The deacons who train all affairs, local clerks and officers under the supervision of the fourth department are of the same level, and the salary is equivalent, and they are 80 taels per person per month; the first-class clerk, deputy military judge, deputy military chief officer, deputy military medical officer, 60 taels per person per month; the military adjutant, income and expenditure officer, and band officer, 50 taels per person per month.

As the commander of the military camp, the Imperial Guard Training Office has five clerks under the deacon, including first-class, second-class and third-class clerks. The draftsman, deputy Ma Medical Officer and Ma Medical Officer, are at the same level as the second-class clerks. They are 40 taels per month; the third-class clerks have 2. The salary is far lower than the second-class clerks, with 30 taels per month; the military officers who are treated the same as the third-class clerks include:.:> Chief of the military officer, Chief of the Military Control Commission, Chief of the Ma Medical Officer, Chief of the Ma Ma, Chief of the Challenge, Chief of the Le, Chief of the Handicap, and Printer. The platoon leader each has 25 taels per month; the doctor is 24 taels; the salary of the Ma doctor is the same; the student is a lower-level military officer, with a monthly silver of 16 taels per person; the scholar of the Si, the printing hand level is 12 taels.

"Zaize, you didn't tell the truth. If you really think it's good to have 7 cents and 2 cents, if I want to change it, you should strive to do it."

He fainted and fell into the emperor's trap again. Zai Ze was stunned for a moment and hurriedly knelt down, "Please give me advice."

"Actually, there is no difference between 1 tael and 7 coins and 2 locals. It's just that one is more quantity and the other is a little less quantity. The key is that the silver standard is still a silver dollar standard. Lao Qi actually said that the Ministry of Finance, including those local officials, advocates 7 coins and 2 coins, not for anything else, but for the loss and quality conversion. The Ministry of Finance passes so many silver dollars every year. As long as you think about the quality conversion, even a little bit,

Many, the food is of course quite considerable, and they can get richer after handing over it.

This is equivalent to indirectly scolding the Ministry of Finance for being too greedy for money. Zaize couldn't help but tremble and kowtowed repeatedly: "Please forgive me!"

The Imperial Guard is just a royal guard who protects the saint's carriage, and it cannot control the fate of the dynasty's destruction. Therefore, the poet sighs:

It was disturbed by the elephant and taming rhinoceros, and the border police arrived in Chang'an.

The north gate is in charge of Xu Pingzhong, how can the escort be safe and difficult?

1. The Royal Guard was ordered to fall in danger

The Royal Imperial Guard was a palace guard formed under the special terrain of the late Qing Dynasty. It was born in the late Guangxu period when the surging constitutional reform and reform of the military system. The Royal Imperial Guard was a special imperial guard with a high status. Its entry into the camp, rewards, punishments, organization, organization and unique military life have always been very mysterious, fascinating to the world.

The Royal Guard was a royal guard organized by the Regent Zaifeng, and his life in the army was naturally far above other military camps. According to the "Imperial Guard Pay Chapter" submitted by the Training Minister, the explicit provisions of: From the Imperial Guard Minister, the highest commander of the Imperial Guard to the lowest-level military scholars in the Imperial Guard, all of them receive salaries; military officers above all the troops in the Imperial Guard receive salaries and public funds; the military craftsmen in the Imperial Guard only receive salaries.

The monthly salary of each minister of the Imperial Guard who specializes in training is 1,000 yuan per month. The following are military officers at all levels of the Imperial Guard. Their monthly salary is far below the training ministers, and each has a different difference: first-class military consultant 250 yuan per month; second-class military consultant 200 yuan per month; third-class military consultant 200 yuan per month, and military consultant 2, and military consultant 2,00 yuan per month, and military consultant 2,000 yuan per month, and the military consultant is the auxiliary officer of the training minister. The important military officers under the Military Consultant are the Military Ordnance Department, Military Law Department, Military Resources Department, and Military Medical Department. They are the highest officials of the four departments. Their monthly salary is 200 yuan per month, and the salary is above the third-class military consultant.

Under the supervision of the Imperial Guard Command, there are many middle- and low-level military officers under the supervision of the four departments. They also have different levels and varying treatments: the coaching officers and soldiers are second only to the third-class military officers, and each person has a monthly salary of 100 yuan. Adhering to the military officers' respective positions, the military strategy, and the education experiences are also different: the commander of the commander of the entire association is better than that of the first-class military officers, and the salary is more favorable than that of the first-class military officers. The monthly salary is 250 yuan, and the public expenses are 250 yuan. The rank of the specimen department that governs the entire association's affairs is slightly lower than that of the chief officer.

The salary of officials is also slightly inferior. They receive monthly salary and public expenses of 200 yuan per person. The highest commander of each battalion of the battalion of the camp, horse battalion, land artillery battalion, engineering battalion, logistics battalion, transportation battalion, and the highest commander of each battalion of the battalion is the managers of each battalion. The salary is the same, each person pays 100 yuan per month. There are great differences in public expenses of the managers of each battalion: the managers of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artillery battalion of the artill

The guards' battalions have many middle and low-level military officers under the leadership of the Imperial Guards. Their treatment is far beyond the commander, commander, and supervisor, but compared with officers of the same level outside the Imperial Guards, their treatment is quite generous. Their life makes the military officers of each military camp envious: the police officers' monthly salary is 150 yuan, and the public expense is 100 yuan; the infantry battalions, horse team battalions, land artillery battalions, engineering team battalions, baggage battalions, transportation team battalions, and the official artillery battalions' monthly salary is 50 yuan, and the public expense is 14 yuan, and the perpetrators of each team are 20 yuan; the monthly salary of each platoon leader is 25 yuan, and the public expense is 20 yuan.

The leaders, officers, adjutants, and platoon leaders of the Imperial Guard are all low-level military officers and soldiers. As a member of the Imperial Guard, they have specific regulations on monthly salary payments: the infantry camp, horse team camp, land artillery battalion, engineering team camp, baggage battalion, transportation team camp, and machine artillery battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion battalion bat

The emperor has always advocated "positive and stable" and has the characteristics of currency reform.

Taking the example of "abolition of two changes to the original state", although the emperor proposed this grand proposition, he did not ignore the difficulties and risks. He warned Zai Ze: "The section of "abolition of two changes to the original state" will definitely be like this in the end, but there are many joints and complex affairs, which are difficult to achieve overnight. I have no such extravagant hope, I just hope to make steady progress, now

The reward in the military camp is a kind of incentive and encouragement measure for military officers at all levels to their subordinates. The reward objects are usually: strictly abide by military discipline, have high martial arts skills, high quality or exceed the completion of various tasks. The reward forms are usually promotion, awarding corresponding badges, ornaments, and awarding money and goods. The punishments in the military are usually more severe than rewards. The punishments are the lighter of discipline, violate military discipline, and failing to complete tasks; the heavier punishments are aimed at escape, rebellion, etc., and punishments range from fines, labor, confinement, exile, and shooting.

The Royal Guards of the Qing Palace were born in the special era in the late Qing Dynasty. The reward and punishment system in the army naturally has its own special characteristics of the times: reward new weapons proficient, skilled soldiers, and punish fugitive soldiers. The Royal Guards reward system stipulates: reward all those who are good at shooting, and be awarded badges and ornaments according to different levels to show encouragement; check at all levels, catch the escaped eye soldiers and have meritorious military officers to mint and issue national coins, and then promote them nationwide, so that merchants and people are willing to lose. It is not too late to change the accounting unit when a climate is formed.

In the late Qing Dynasty, internal and external troubles were in trouble, and the dynasty rule was in turmoil.

Some knowledgeable princes, ministers and knowledgeable people in the court submitted a memorial to the court, requesting to start from the school and military preparations to enrich the country and strengthen the army, so as to get rid of the embarrassing situation of being controlled by the great powers and be self-reliant.

It was in this strong military movement that was consistently called from top to bottom that the Qing court formed a royal guard force in the late Guangxu period and the early Xuantong period for the sake of royal security and the protection of the imperial palace and the capital.

The Royal Imperial Guards were personally led by the Regent of the Regent of the State. Its establishment was actually the return of the terminally ill Qing Dynasty and the final struggle before its demise; its rise and fall are directly related to the fate of the Qing court.

The Imperial Guard is just a royal guard who protects the saint's carriage, and it cannot control the fate of the dynasty's destruction. Therefore, the poet sighs:

It was disturbed by the elephant and taming rhinoceros, and the border police arrived in Chang'an.

The north gate is in charge of Xu Pingzhong, how can the escort be safe and difficult?

1. The Royal Guard was ordered to fall in danger

The Royal Imperial Guard was a palace guard formed under the special situation in the late Qing Dynasty. It was born in the late Guangxu period when constitutional reform and reforming the military system. The Royal Imperial Guard was a special imperial guard with a high status. Its entry into the camp, rewards, punishments, organization, organization and unique military life have always been very mysterious. It fascinates the world.

6.:.

Don't be too hasty."

"Slave follows the order." Zaize was originally afraid that the emperor would be anxious to see results, and he felt quite embarrassed, but he couldn't say it directly. Now that the emperor's statement has undoubtedly greatly reduced his pressure.

"In the course of adjustment of currency system, in addition to local currency, the improvement of the tax system is also indispensable. The division of national taxes and local taxes, the division of circulation taxes and fixed taxes all require institutional improvement. The reason why the court also agreed to hire knowledgeable people from all countries to serve as consultants for currency system improvement. In addition to the currency system, tax system reform is also a matter of question."

"Report to the Emperor, the Ministry of Finance has already made a draft on the division of taxes. The Ministry is currently deliberating for the final consideration, but..." Zai Ze paused. Seeing Lao Lin Guangyu's encouraging look, he said, "The slaves are concerned about the local government and the governor will hold a meeting of the Subsidiary Yuan this year. At the meeting, it is necessary to make plans for the national budget for the three-year reform. Although it may not be accurate, it must be adhered to and cannot be shaken.

The official public silver for artillery battalion is 14 taels, and the official public silver for horse team is 8. The monthly salary of each police team is 50 taels of silver. The public silver is 20 taels; the deputy officers of each team

The Royal Guard was a royal guard organized by the Regent Zaifeng, and his life in the army was naturally far above other military camps. According to the "Imperial Guard Pay Chapter" submitted by the Training Minister, the explicit provisions of: From the Imperial Guard Minister, the highest commander of the Imperial Guard to the lowest-level military scholars in the Imperial Guard, all of them receive salaries; military officers above all the troops in the Imperial Guard receive salaries and public funds; the military craftsmen in the Imperial Guard only receive salaries.

.The public silver for the artillery battalion officer is 14 taels, and the public silver for the horse team officer is 8. The monthly salary of each police officer is 50 taels of silver and 20 taels of silver; each team is 20 taels of silver;

Specializing in training for the Imperial Guards

The salary is 1,000 taels of monthly silver. The following is the monthly salary of military officials at all levels of the Imperial Guards is far below the training ministers, and each has a different difference: first-class military consultant 250 taels of monthly silver; second-class military consultant 200 month silver; third-class military consultant 150 month silver, military consultant 150 month silver, military consultant 1. The military consultant is the auxiliary officer of the training minister. The important military officer under the military consultant is the supervision of the four departments of the Ordnance Department, Military Law Department, Military Equipment Department, and Military Medical Department. They are the highest officials of the four departments. Their monthly salary is 200 yuan per person and their salary is above the third-class military consultant.

Under the supervision of the Imperial Guard Command, there are many middle- and low-level military officers under the supervision of the four departments. They also have different levels and varying treatments: the coaching officers are the second only to the third-class military officers, and each person has a monthly salary of 100 yuan per month; the deacons who are responsible for the preparation of examination, military strategy, education, and training for various affairs, the local clerks and officers under the supervision of the four departments are all at the same level, and the salary is equivalent, and they are 80 taels per month; the first-class military officer, deputy military judge, deputy military officer, and deputy military medical officer are 60 taels per month; the military officer, common servant, band officer, 50 taels per month.

As the commander of the military camp, the Imperial Guard Training Office has five clerks under the deacon, including first-class, second-class and third-class clerks. The draftsman, deputy Ma Medical Officer and Ma Medical Officer, are at the same level as the second-class clerks. They are 40 taels per month; the third-class clerks have 2, and the salary is far lower than the second-class clerks, with a monthly salary of 30 taels per person; the military officers who are treated the same as the third-class clerks include: Chief, Military Chief, Chief of Military Chief, Chief of Ma, Chief of Chama, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of Job, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the platoon, Chief of the 25 taels per month; the doctor is 24 taels; the salary of the squad is the same as that of the squad; the student is a lower-level military officer, with a monthly silver of 16 taels

The officers of the Imperial Guards receive monthly salary and public funds, and their treatment is also of different levels: the commander of the commander of the Commander of the Local Association of the All Association is better than the first-class military consultant, and the treatment is better than that of the first-class military consultant, and the monthly salary is 250 yuan, and the public funds is also 250 yuan. The rank of the Specimen Office, which governs the entire standard affairs, is slightly lower than that of the commander, and the treatment is slightly inferior. The monthly salary is 200 yuan per person. The infantry battalion, the horse battalion, and the land artillery team.

The highest commanders of each battalion, engineering team battalion, logistics team battalion, and the government artillery battalion are the officials of each battalion. The salary is the same, and each person pays 100 yuan a month. There are great differences in the public expenses of the government officials of each battalion: the public expenses of the government officials of the artillery battalion are 160 yuan; the public expenses of the government officials of the artillery battalion, engineering team battalion, logistics team battalion, transportation team battalion, and the government artillery battalion are 140 yuan; the public expenses of the government officials of the cavalry battalion are only half of the government officials of the artillery battalion, which is 80 taels.

—

, the public silver for the artillery battalion officer is 14 taels, and the public silver for the horse team is 8. The monthly salary of each police officer is 50 taels of silver and 20 taels of silver; each team

The guards of each battalion have many middle and low-level military officers under the leadership of the Imperial Guards. Their treatment is far beyond the commander, commander, and supervisor, but compared with officers of the same level outside the Imperial Guards, their treatment is quite generous. Their life makes the military officers of each military camp envious: the police officers of each person have a monthly salary of 150 yuan, and the public expense is 100 yuan; the infantry camp, horse team battalion, land artillery battalion, engineering team battalion, logistics team battalion, transportation team battalion, and the official team battalion of each team have a monthly salary of 50 yuan. There are some differences: the infantry battalion, engineering team battalion, logistics team battalion, transportation team battalion, and the official team battalion of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards of the Imperial Guards

, the public silver for the artillery battalion officer is 14 taels, and the public silver for the horse team is 8. The monthly salary of each police officer is 50 taels of silver and 20 taels of silver; each team
Chapter completed!