The Han Dynasty confronted the Huns for two hundred years, and hundreds of wars were fought in between, causing the Huns royal court to gradually split and decline until it was fully incorporated into the Chinese nation. It can be said that a series of major correct policies and strategies of the Han Dynasty played an important role. Although my country has now moved from an agricultural society to an industrial society, from the cold weapons era to the high-end weapons era, the Han Dynasty's strategy to deal with foreign powers has great guiding significance until today.

We might as well divide the following stages of the war at that time, and then analyze them one by one:

First, marriage, appeasement era

At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Maodun Shanyu led the Xiongnu, annexed the troops in the north of the Mo, destroyed the Donghu in the east, drove the Dayuezhi in the west, and joined the Loufan in the south, and subdued the Dingling in the north, establishing a nomadic kingdom with a vast territory, with more than 300,000 cavalry and shooting troops, and then began to continuously invade the Han Dynasty with superior natural environment.

The Han Dynasty at that time had been war-torn, and the country was poor. In addition, it had been used for years to use troops against vassal kings of different surnames, so the strength of the Central Corps was not high. But at this time, Liu Bang planned to give the Huns a blow to deter the northerners' attacks. Therefore, in the seventh year of Emperor Gao, while the Huns were heading south, he personally led a large army to fight back, but was besieged in Baideng Mountain. In order to escape the danger, it adopted Lou Jing's plan and began the era of marriage with the Huns. This era continued until the reign of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing.

(This is definitely a clever plan. On the one hand, it avoids large-scale military confrontation between China and the Huns, which gives China a silence of civil strife and accumulates strength to win time; on the other hand, unlike the Song Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty, we were married to the Huns in an equal and even higher position than the other - we should know that those who married were all princesses, so the Shanyu was nominally the son-in-law of China - so it also provided convenience for political diplomacy, laying the foundation for the subsequent war, and would no longer be as disgraceful as the "rebel king" of the Southern Song Dynasty.)

During this period, the strength of China and the Huns was just like the confrontation between China and other world powers. It was not enough to fight, and China's economy was on track for only twenty years. This was the time to keep a low profile. What was needed was a peaceful external environment. Imagine that even in the prosperous period of Wen Jing, China carefully handled diplomatic relations without using any country (the Huns, Nanyue and other countries that were still sinicized). Therefore, China is still in this first stage, with peace and stability and development at the outside world. These determine the entire situation in the future and are the basis for final victory.

Second, the strategic counterattack stage

During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, the country was rich and the people were strong. Finally, they gave up the politics of marriage and began a protracted stalemate with the Huns. Among them, the famous ones were the "Mayi Conspiracy", the Battle of Monan, the Battle of Dingxiang, etc. On the one hand, these battles showed the strength of the Han Dynasty to the Huns and took the spirit of the Huns; on the other hand, they also attacked the main forces of the Huns to varying degrees. Of course, the Han Dynasty also suffered heavy losses, but after all, it took the first step of the frontal military confrontation between China and the Huns, opening the prelude to the war.

Third, the stage of competing for strategic space

1.

In 127 BC, Wei Qing and Li Xizhi were victorious in the Battle of Henan and captured a large area of ​​land in the Hetao area. The Han Dynasty set up Shuofang County here, opened up land and immigrated, and later established a famous military fortress here.

In 121 BC, Huo Qubing left Longxi and annihilated the troops of King Hunxi, won the Battle of Hexi, obtained a large area of ​​land in Longxi, and set up the four counties of Liangzhou. From then on, it was permanently transformed into China's territory.

After China seized Liangzhou, the Huns lamented: "The destruction of my Yanzhi Mountain made my women lose their color." In fact, the consequences were much more serious than this.

First of all, the Hetao region and the Longxi region are the areas with the most abundant water and grass and the most superior natural environment in the Xiongnu. The loss here greatly weakened the national strength of the Xiongnu.

Secondly, the loss of these two places made the Huns unable to pose a threat to the Han capital Chang'an, and lost the best path and strategic location to launch an attack on China, making it impossible for each of their subsequent attacks to cause greater losses to China. On the contrary, every attack by China was in danger of threatening the royal court.

Again, the loss of Liangzhou disrupted the deployment of the Xiongnu and Qiang tribes to encircle China with military force, cut off the communication between the Xiongnu and the Western Regions, and suddenly turned China from a passive position to an active one.

It can be seen that the key to confrontation of a great power is to cut off the other party's development space and occupy the enemy's favorable position to transform it into one's own, so that you can step into the door to victory with one foot.

2.

Zhang Qian went on a mission to the Western Regions and established China's military base (the Protectorate of the Western Regions). Through his lobbying and military strikes, the countries that were hostile to China were surrendered, and neutral countries were close to China, and countries with good friends with the Huns may have cut off contact with the Huns or were isolated. This series of measures was equivalent to cutting off the Huns' right hand and adding to China's strength, which seriously hindered the development of the Huns' westwards, and also suffered a serious military strike in the west, posing a hidden danger for its later division.

From this we can see that small countries cannot be humiliated! They often play a role in determining the entire battle situation at critical moments. We can also imagine that if these countries all support the Huns, they will be trapped in the painful situation of fighting on both sides. Therefore, this is an indispensable link in the world's strong powers' battle for hegemony today, that is, to seek extensive international support and allied support. Only in this way can we fully and effectively strengthen ourselves and weaken the enemy.

Fourth, the stage of dismantling the enemy

Under the continuous attacks of China and the decline of national strength, natural disasters and man-made disasters finally broke out. In 53 BC, the Huns were divided into two divisions, with the north and south, with the north and the south weak. At this time, the Han Dynasty took a wise decision based on the situation and jointly attacked the Northern Huns with the marriage of the Southern Huns and tried to deepen the contradictions between the two divisions. On the one hand, the Southern Huns were placed under their own protection and surveillance; on the other hand, they continued to attack the Northern Huns. In 36 BC, Chen Tang privately dispatched his troops to fight for the expedition, fought thousands of miles away, and killed Zhizhi Shanyu, and destroyed the Northern Huns. This time, it severely attacked the Xiongnu people, both military and psychological, and made the Huns no longer have the strength to compete with China, and relieved the border troubles in the north. Therefore, in the period when the New and Han social interactions and the whole country was in a state of melee, the Huns had no strength to take advantage of the situation.

"In the mid-1940s AD, the Hun Khanate had a severe drought for several years, and no grass grew in barren land. The Wuhuan tribe, a new powerful enemy in the east, continued to invade, and the Huns' sphere of influence shrank to Harhelin and the south of Mongolia, and a large number of people and animals died, and the national strength declined. What's worse, by 48 AD, eight large tribes in the south elected another prince to be the Shanyu, also known as Hanye II. The Hun Ye II Shanyu surrendered to China and requested protection. So the Hun Khanate was split into two again, the Southern Hun Khanate surrendered to China, and the Northern Hun Khanate continued to confront China.

In the 1950s, the Northern Huns Khanate attacked the Southern Huns Khanate, but the Southern Huns could not resist and asked China for help. The Chinese government took three measures:

1. All the eight people and livestock belonging to the Hanyu of Huhanye II were moved into the Great Wall, so that they could settle in the area of ​​Meiji, Xihe (Zungeer Banner, Inner Mongolia);

2. China set up a commander of the Xiongnu’s Assistant Defense (General of the Huns’ Central Army) to jointly handle the internal and foreign affairs of the Xiongnu with the Shanyu;

Third, the Northern Frontier Frontier Commander (General Du Liao) was set up, and the troops were stationed in Manber (southeast of Dalat Banner, Inner Mongolia). One was to prevent the reconciliation of the north and south Huns, and the other was to prevent the Northern Huns from attacking the South Huns.

(Excerpt from "Modern Chinese Version of Zizhi Tongjian" translated by Bai Yang)

Therefore, at this time, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Southern Xiongnu had actually become a tool for China to monitor and resist the Northern Xiongnu. During this period, the Southern Xiongnu took the initiative to attack the Northern Xiongnu many times, and became active members of the internal struggle. The killing of the two sides further weakened their power.

Here, it not only makes people feel that the current Soviet Union is like the Huns at that time, collapsed itself during the confrontation. It can be seen that in the current era of great power struggle for hegemony, dismantling the other side or causing the other side to collapse is a necessary way to defeat the other side, and it is also a good way to make the other side unable to take care of themselves and difficult to turn over.

But on the other hand, we can also see the value and importance of unity, because division is actually equivalent to giving up one's own survival and development.

Fifth, eliminate hostile forces and recruit surrender forces

The enemy is divided does not mean that there is no threat at all. If you want to have no threat at all, you must completely destroy it!

"After the 1960s, China's national strength was restored and it began to counterattack the Northern Huns. In 1973, general Dou Gu went out of Jiuquan (Jiuquan, Gansu) to advance westward until Tianshan Mountain, occupied Yiwulu (Hami, Xinjiang), one of the most fertile arable lands in the Northern Huns Khanate, and left troops to settle down. Another general Geng Bing went out of Zhangye (Zhangye, Gansu) to advance northward, 300 kilometers deep, until Sanmulou Mountain (Mongolou Mountain), and the Northern Huns were firmly cleared and retreated without major trauma. In 1985, the seventy-three small tribes of the Northern Huns Khanate defected to the Southern Huns Khanate. In 1987, the newly prosperous Xianbei tribes (upper reaches of the Western Liao River in Inner Mongolia), also invaded the Northern Huns. The Northern Huns were defeated in the battle, and Yuliu Shanyu was killed, and internal chaos was in chaos. Another fifty-eight tribes totaled 280,000 people entered the Great Wall and surrendered to the Southern Huns Khanate.

China took advantage of the internal and external difficulties of the Northern Huns, and promptly organized the Zhongdian coalition with the Southern Huns, giving the heaviest blow. In 1989, Chinese general Dou Xian came out of Shuofang (Inner Mongolia Yankou), Northern border defense commander (Du Liao General) Deng Hong came out of Wuyuan (Baotou, Inner Mongolia), Southern Huns Xiulan corpse rushed Houhuo Shanyu came out of Manyi Valley (North Guyang, Inner Mongolia), met at Zhuoxie Mountain (Altai Mountain in Gobi, Mongolia), advanced northward and deep into the sand of the sea.

The mourning group reached Jiluo Mountain (Mongolbancha Khan Mountain), and finally captured the main force of the Northern Huns. The main force of the Northern Huns collapsed under the powerful attack of China. The Northern Huns Khan (his name was not recorded in history) fled westward. Ten thousand people below the prince were killed, and more than 200,000 people surrendered in 81 tribes. Dou Xian erected a stone tablet on Yanran Mountain (Mongol Hangai Mountain) to commemorate this unprecedented victory.

Two years later (91st), Dou Xian sent another general Geng Kui and Ren Shang to live in Yansai (Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia), in an attempt to eliminate the Northern Hun Khanate. Geng Kui led the army to advance quickly and surrounded the Northern Huns Khanyu under Jinwei Mountain (Mongolia Altai Mountain), and the Northern Huns collapsed again. More than 5,000 people under the Empress Dowager were all captured. Only the Northern Shanyu broke through in the melee and fled westward."

(Excerpt from "Modern Chinese Version of Zizhi Tongjian" translated by Bai Yang)

After the Jinweishan War, the Northern Huns could no longer gain a foothold in the East, so they began to move westward and disappeared from China's history. (His westward migration indirectly led to the demise of the Western Roman Empire) The significance of using troops to such a persistent force is: first, to eradicate hidden dangers, because any declining force may revive, counterattack, and be powerful, such as to expand the Wei Empire. Secondly, to deter the centrists, shake the factions, and remind the surrenderists. Therefore, after the demise of the Northern Huns, the Southern Huns only existed in name only, but many sovereignty have been deprived, but the reason why it did not resist was that it did not want to follow the footsteps of the Northern Huns.

"--The Xiongnu Khan (that is, the Southern Xiongnu Khan) has continued to exist for more than a hundred years in form, but it is no longer important in Chinese history. In 216, its last head of state, Huqiuquan Chanyu, went from the then royal court to Yecheng (Linfen, Shanxi) to visit Cao Cao, the prime minister of China at that time. Cao Cao left him. He ordered the Xiongnu Khan to be divided into five divisions, each of which was established as a governor, directly under the central government of China, and the Shanyu's title was revoked. This huge country, which was established for about 430 years, was finally destroyed."

(Excerpt from "Modern Chinese Version of Zizhi Tongjian" translated by Bai Yang)

It can be seen that even the Han Dynasty of the Southern Xiongnu, which exists in form, cannot tolerate it. This really means the saying that eliminating evil is done. Although it is impossible for the current society to build a country or nation to perish so cleanly, the idea is still the same, and it will definitely give his enemy a chance to turn over. Of course, this enemy must be so unlucky if it cannot bring him any benefits.

After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, from 200 BC to 71 BC, the Western Han Dynasty fought a long war with the Huns who lived in northern China for more than 130 years. This article calls this war that took place in the east during this period the "Han and Hun Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung Hung

1. The economy must be developed and the army's weapons and equipment must be continuously improved in order to achieve victory in the war;

2. Correct military strategic policies must be formulated and implemented based on actual conditions;

3. We must pay attention to the research on military books and combat strategies;

4. The quality and combat capabilities of the army must be fundamentally improved.

During the Western Han Dynasty, from the Battle of Baideng in Pingcheng, Han and Xiong in 200 BC to 71 BC, the battle of Han aiding Wusun to attack the Huns was basically over. The Han Dynasty fought a long war with the Huns for more than 130 years. During this period, the two sides fought more than 20 major battles, including many large-scale mobile combat operations of cavalry groups, with the number of troops often exceeding 100,000 or even hundreds of thousands. This article will talk about some views on the overview of this war and its historical experience.

The Hundred Years of War in the Han and the Hungarians can be roughly divided into three stages:

1.

One stage was from 200 BC (the 7th year of Emperor Gao of Han) to 134 BC (the first year of Emperor Wu of Han). During this stage, the Han Dynasty mainly implemented strategic defense against the Hungarians and adopted a compromise policy of marriage.

In June 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty. In the winter of 200 BC, the increasingly powerful Xiongnu Maodun Shanyu joined forces with the Han Wang Xin army who betrayed the court to attack Taiyuan County in the south, and the troops were directly aimed at Jinyang (Jinyuan Town, southwest of Xinyuan, Shanxi). In order to defend the new regime, Liu Bang led a 320,000 army of troops to launch a counterattack. He was surrounded by the Xiongnu 400,000 elite cavalry, using Chen Ping's plan to bribe Maodun's clan (the empress) to break through.

This was the first war between the Han Dynasty and the Huns. Although the main forces of the two sides did not engage in fierce battles in this war, due to the strength of the Hun cavalry, Liu Bang forced Lou Jing to send Princess Chang (actually the daughter of her family) to Maodun Shanyu as his wife, and married and became a marriage. During the reign of Emperor Wen, the Huns attacked the border several times on a large scale. In May 177 BC (the third year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty), the Xiongnu Youxian King led his army to harass the Hei (Ordos area south of Hetao) and killed and plundered the people. Emperor Wen sent Prime Minister Guan Ying to lead 85,000 chariots and cavalry to concentrate at Gaonu (north of Yan'an), and transferred the officials (local soldiers) and the northern army to Chang'an as support to fight against the Huns. When the Right Xian King learned that the Han army was advancing north, he led his troops to retreat.

In 166 BC (14th BC BC Emperor Wen of Han), the old Xiongnu Shangshenyu (Maodun Shanyuzi) led 140,000 cavalry to invade Chaona (southeast of Guyuan, Gansu), Xiaoguan (south of Guyuan), and killed and looted officials and civilians. Emperor Wen sent troops to resist, and the Huns retreated, and the Han army chased outside the border, but returned without any gain. During the reign of Emperor Jing, the seven countries including Wu and Chu held a rebellion in 154 BC (3rd BC BC BC BC ). The Han Dynasty had no time to take care of the northern border. The Xiongnu took the opportunity to invade and kill and looted the people. In 142 BC (2nd BC BC BC Emperor Jing of Han), he entered Yanmen (Youyunan, Shanxi). The prefect Feng Jing died in battle, and the people on the border suffered great losses.

2.

The second stage began in Mayi Battle in 133 BC (2nd year of Yuanguang of Emperor Wu of Han) and ended in Mobei Battle in 199 BC (4th year of Yuanshou of Emperor Wu of Han). During this stage, the Han Dynasty implemented a strategic counterattack and strategic offensive against the Huns and achieved a decisive victory.

In 133 BC, Emperor Wu of Han sent Han Anguo, Li Guang, Gongsun He and others to lead chariots and cavalry, and more than 300,000 officials hid in the valley near Mayi (Shuo County, Shanxi). He sent Wang Hui and Li Xi to ambush in Dai (northwest of Dai County, Shanxi) to prepare to intercept the Xiongnu baggage. He also sent Nie Yi to lure the Xiongnu to attack Mayi, in an attempt to impress and annihilate the main force of the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu military minister Shanyu (Sun of Maodun) led 100,000 cavalry to attack Mayi. Later, he found the main force of the Han army and retreated. Although the Han Dynasty failed to achieve the predetermined plan in the Battle of Mayi, it opened the prelude to the strategic counterattack against the Xiongnu.

In the 11 years after the Battle of Mayi, there were 8 large-scale battles between the Han and the Xiongnu, of which 5 were counterattacks by the Han Dynasty and 3 were the Han Dynasty's active attacks by the Huns. In these 8 battles, the Han army was defeated once (Battle of Longcheng), twice (Battle of Yuyang, Yanmen, and Dingxiang), and five victories. In 127 BC, the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Li

It was cleared through the clouds and advanced west along the Yellow River, annihilated thousands of Xiongnu people in Henan, and took advantage of the victory to Gaoque (northeast of Hangjinhou Banner, Inner Mongolia), and then turned south along the Yellow River to Longxi (within Gansu Lin territory), recovered Henan, set up Shuofang County and Wuyuan County, recruited 100,000 mainland residents to move to Shuofang, repaired the border built by Meng Tian during the Qin Dynasty, and relieved the direct threat from the Xiongnu to Chang'an.

Starting from 121 BC, the Han Dynasty carried out a strategic attack on the Huns. In order to completely eliminate the Huns entrenched in Hexi, the Han army divided into two groups in the east and west to launch an attack: one was Huo Qubing, and Gongsun Ao led tens of thousands of cavalry out of the northern land (southeast of Huan County, Gansu) to attack Hexi; the other was Zhang Qian and Li Guang led more than 14,000 cavalry out of Youbeiping (southwest of Lingyuan, Liaoning) to support the situation. The Huo Qubing army entered the enemy's territory more than 2,000 miles and passed through Juyanhai (Ejina, Inner Mongolia) on the west side.

In the southeast of the flag), he defeated King Xiu Tu, King Hun Xie and other troops in Qilian Mountains, and forced the surrender of Shan Huan, Chief Tu, Prime Minister, Chief Commander and more than 2,500 people, and won a decisive victory. Li Guang from the east road led 4,000 cavalry after entering the enemy's territory for hundreds of miles, and was surrounded by more than 40,000 cavalrymen from the Xiongnu Zuoxian King's troops. On the 2nd day of fierce battle, most of the casualties were killed. Zhang Qian led more than 10,000 cavalry to arrive and was finally rescued. In the autumn of that year, King Hun Xie suffered consecutive defeats and was afraid that Shanyu would surrender, so he killed King Xiu Tu and led more than 40,000 people to surrender to the Han Dynasty.

In order to completely defeat the Huns, Emperor Wu of Han sent 100,000 cavalry and 140,000 war horses in the spring of 119 BC (the fourth year of Yuanshou). Wei Qing and Huo Qubing each led 50,000 cavalry, hundreds of thousands of infantry and baggage personnel to follow up. He took the initiative to attack again and went deep into the northern desert (north of the Mongolian Desert) to seek a decisive battle with the main force of the Huns. After Wei Qing led his army out of Dingxiang, he ordered Li Wen and Zhao Shiqi to

He led his troops from the host to attack and led his main force to the main Shanyu country. After crossing the desert, the Han army fought with the Shanyu army, killed more than 19,000 enemies, pursued more than 200 miles, obtained a large amount of baggage, supplemented the army's food, and returned to the surplus grain. Huo Qubing's army took Li Gan (Li Guangzi) as the colonel, led his army out of Dai County and Youbeiping for more than 1,000 miles, crossed the desert, defeated the Zuoxian King's army, killed more than 70,000 people, captured the King of Tuntou, King Han, General, Prime Minister, Danghu, Duwei and others, and chased the remnants of King Zuoxian to Langjuxu Mountain (Mongolian Kent Mountain). This battle, known in history as the Battle of Mobei, was a strategic decisive battle with decisive significance, and the Han army won a complete victory. From then on, there was no war in the north of the desert in 16 years.

3.

The third stage began with the Battle of Junji Mountain in 103 BC (2nd year of Emperor Wu of Han) and ended with the Battle of Han's support for Wusun to attack the Huns in 71 BC (3rd year of Emperor Xuan of Han).

During this period, there were 7 large-scale wars between the Han and the Huns. Although the Han army suffered repeated failures, they finally won. In 103 BC (the 2nd year of Emperor Wu of Han Taichu), the Zuo Daduwei of the Huns attempted to murder Shanyu to surrender to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu sent Zhao Ponu to lead 20,000 cavalry to 2,000 miles northwest of Shuofang to Junji Mountain to meet him. After Shanyu discovered it, he killed Zuo Daduwei and sent troops to fight against the Han army. Zhao Ponu

After the fierce battle with him, the army retreated to Suijiang City (400 miles north of Dongyin Mountain in Inner Mongolia), surrounded by 80,000 cavalry of the Huns, and the entire army was wiped out. Zhao Ponu was defeated and captured (later fled back).

In 99 BC (the 2nd year of Tianhan of Emperor Wu of Han), Emperor Wu sent Li Guangli to lead 30,000 cavalry out of Jiuquan, fought with the Xiongnu Youxian Wang Army in Tianshan, and captured and killed more than 10,000 Xiongnu. When he returned to the army, he was besieged by the Huns' army, and most of the soldiers were killed and injured. Li Guangli led the remnants to break through with his general Zhao Chongguo. Li Ling, the baggage guard of Li Guangli, requested to lead 5,000 infantry to attack the Xiongnu, and the army left Yanbei to Junji Mountain, and was surrounded by 30,000 cavalrymen in the Xiongnu. Li Ling, a camp of large chariots, lined up to fight and shot thousands of Xiongnus. Shanyu sent 80,000 more cavalrymen to continue attacking, but Li Ling was eventually defeated and captured because he was outnumbered. Some of them broke through, and only more than 400 people entered the barrier.

In 97 BC (the fourth year of Tianhan of Emperor Wu of Han), the Xiongnu invaded Yanmen. Emperor Wu ordered Li Guangli, Lu Bode, Han Shuo, Gongsun Ao and others to lead 210,000 troops to fight in different directions. Li Guangli's army fought with the Xiongnu for more than ten days but failed. Gongsun Ao was defeated by the Right King, and the Han army was forced to retreat from all directions.

In 90 BC (the third year of Emperor Wu of Han's conquest), the Xiongnu attacked Wuyuan and Jiuquan. Emperor Wu ordered Li Guangli to lead an army of 70,000 to Wuyuan; Shangqiu Cheng led an army of 30,000 to Xihe; Mangtong led 40,000 cavalry out of Jiuquan and launched a counterattack. Li Guangli's army advanced to Fuyangju Mountain (Mongol Mountain), defeated the Xiongnu Right Grand Commander and Wei Law Firm, led 5,000 cavalry, took advantage of the victory and went deep, chasing to Zhijushui, and sent

20,000 cavalry crossed the river and fought fiercely with the Zuo Xianwang of the Huns, and the left generals were 20,000 cavalrymen, killing Zuo General. Later, Li Guangli's army retreated to Yanran Mountain (Hangaishan, Mongolia). He was tired of men and horses and was chased by 50,000 cavalry of the Huns. The two sides fought fiercely, with many casualties and many wounded, and the Han army was defeated.

In 79 BC (the 2nd year of Yuanfeng of Emperor Zhao of Han), the Xiongnu sent more than 20,000 cavalry from the left and right divisions to divide 4 teams to plunder the Han border area. The Han army fought back and killed more than 9,000 prisoners, captured the Outuo King, and the Xiongnu fled northwest.

In 78 BC (the third year of Yuanfeng of Emperor Zhao of Han), the right wise king of the Xiongnu, Lihuo, led cavalry in three directions to attack Rile (west of Yongchang, Gansu), Wulan (north of Shandan, Gansu). Because the Han Dynasty predicted its plan, it ordered the prefect of Zhangye to strengthen its defense, send troops to attack, defeated the Xiongnu, and shot and killed the Lihuo king, and only hundreds of people fled.

In 71 BC, the Xiongnu repeatedly attacked the border of the Western Han Dynasty. Wusun (a tribe at that time, distributed north of Wensu, Xinjiang) was also attacked by the Xiongnu and asked for help from the Han Dynasty. Emperor Xuan sent five generals including Tian Guangming, Fan Mingyou, Han Zeng, Zhao Chongguo, Tian Shun and other five generals to lead 160,000 cavalry, and divided the routes from Hexi, Zhangye, Yunzhong, Jiuquan, Wuyuan and other places to go out of the border, and Chang Hui and Wusun jointly sent troops to attack the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu explored the Han army.

The Han army seized very little. In the winter of that year, Shanyu led tens of cavalry to attack Wusun, capturing the elderly and weak to return. At that time, heavy snow fell from the sky, and eight or nine out of ten people and animals died of death by the Huns. Dingling, Wuhuan and Wusun tribes took the opportunity to attack the Huns from the north, east and west, beheaded tens of thousands of horses, and captured many cattle and sheep. In addition, they were frozen and hungry, three out of ten Huns died, and five out of ten animals died, so they were completely depleted.

At this point, the Han and the Hungarian War in the East also ended.

The "Hundred Years' War" was a just war in the Western Han Dynasty to fight against national aggression. Its time, scale, and complexity were rare in the history of ancient wars, and it also provided us with some valuable historical reference.

1.

War is a contest of comprehensive national strength. We must develop the economy and continuously improve the military's weapons and equipment in order to achieve victory in the war.

At the beginning of the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, due to the national strength of the Chu-Han conflict, the population was reduced sharply and the land was deserted (historical records show that even the emperor could not find four horses to drive in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and some generals, ministers and ministers even took ox carts to court). They were unable to resist the invasion of the Huns with more than 300,000 strong cavalry, so they adopted a compromised pro-policy, implemented strategic defense, and worked hard to restore and develop a relatively peaceful environment for production.

After sixty or seventy years of rest with the people and developing agricultural production, the comprehensive national strength was enhanced, the social productivity was improved, and people's lives were improved. During the reign of Emperor Jing, 36 horses were raised in Dawan on the northwest border, 300,000 horses were raised on a large scale.

The foundation was laid for the formation of the cavalry corps. By the time of Emperor Wu of Han, due to the development of social economy and the large increase in population, a large number of troops were prepared for the army; the development of iron smelting, vehicle and ship manufacturing, and weapons manufacturing, the army's weapons and equipment were improved, thus creating conditions for carrying out large-scale counterattacks against the Huns and achieving decisive victory.

However, in the later years of Emperor Wu of Han, the Han army failed to fight against the Huns. Of course, the fundamental problem was that after a large-scale counterattack against the Huns, the comprehensive national strength of the Western Han Dynasty had been greatly weakened. After 16 years of raising horses, the power of the Huns developed to the extent that they could compete with the Han Dynasty. After Emperor Zhao ascended the throne, Huo Guang advanced to the rule and "light taxes and levies, rest with the people." After Emperor Xuan of Han ascended the throne, he carefully selected the governor and minister, and regulated the prison, and used the public lands and public fields in the capital to farm for the poor, reducing land taxes, reducing salt prices, eased the class Maodun, and developed agricultural production. Due to the bumper harvest year after year, the grain price dropped to the lowest price since the Western Han Dynasty, and the textile industry and iron manufacturing industry also developed to a large scale, thus enhancing the comprehensive national strength. This was the fundamental reason for the final victory over the Huns during Emperor Xuan.

2.

War decisions often determine the fate of the country, and correct military strategies must be formulated and implemented based on actual conditions. War is a major event of the country. It is a place of life and death, and the way of survival and death. It must be observed and careful. When Emperor Gaozu arrived at Emperor Hui and Empress Gao, the country's strength was weak. He adopted the suggestion of Lou Jing and others, and adopted a defensive military strategy for the Huns. He moved more than 100,000 people in the mainland to live in Guanzhong, and prepared the Huns in the north. He adopted a compromise policy of marriage in politics and diplomacy. He married the Chanyu with the princess and offered the Huns every year.

A lot of silk, grain, wine, BMW, etc.

During the reign of Emperor Hui, the Huns repeatedly invaded the northern border. The Han Dynasty adopted a policy of tolerance according to the strategy of Emperor Gaozu. When Maodun Shanyu came to insult Empress Lu, Empress Lu was furious and wanted to send troops to attack the Huns. Fan Kuai asked to lead his troops to attack, saying, "I am willing to obtain 100,000 people and run rampant among the Huns." Ji Bu said that Fan Kuai should be killed and severely criticized Fan Kuai's reckless attitude on the issue of war. Empress Lu adopted the suggestions of Ji Bu and others, and did not cause war due to anger, and still pursued a policy of marriage.
To be continued...