Chapter 249 The Chinese Empire
Due to Russia's refusal to attend, coupled with the idea that Britain did not want a Slavic country to control the Balkans, Serbia ultimately did not achieve the goal they wanted to achieve at this meeting - to drive the Turks to the other side of the strait. Their proposal did not receive support from any major powers. For Britain or Germany, if it was not possible to completely control this place in their own hands, it would be much better to maintain the status quo than to fall into the hands of other forces.
This is the sorrow of Serbia. As the second son of the Slavic world, if you want to dream of unifying the Balkans and maintain Slavic maverickness, it can only be a dream in this era.
The direct reason seems to be because of Russia's absence. His Majesty the Tsar missed this peaceful sharing meeting for face, and the losses will be long-term. The representative he sent to Serbia was far from the big ones he thought, so this peace meeting did not form any clause that was favorable to Russia.
On the contrary, there is one thing that is harmful. With the support of Germany, Turkey raised the issue of legality in the Armenian region and received the principled agreement of the General Assembly. As a resolution 4, the dispute between Russia and Turkey over the Armenian region finally received unanimous support from the eight major countries in the nominal support for Turkey.
This is the fifth resolution.
As a strategic concession or a need for balance, the Austro-Hungarian Empire gained control of the Voidin region in northern Serbia, which has been substantially controlled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but for many years, the quarrels between the region and the Austro-Hungarian Empire have hardly stopped since Serbia established its kingdom in 1878.
The reward Serbia received was that the Austro-Hungarian Empire in principle gave up its support for southern Kosovo and Macedonia, which means that the Serbs could carry out his long-planned annexation actions with the acquiescence of the eight major powers in the next decade.
The compromise agreement between Osse was formally formed as Article 6 of the General Assembly resolution.
Article 7 is African affairs. Given that North Africa's interests are too sensitive and prone to cause trouble, Italy, when both the United Kingdom and Germany nodded, gained the benefits of equal benefits in the coastal coastal areas of North Africa. It is also a disguised compensation for the heavy failures suffered by Italy in Ethiopia.
Italy is currently a popular country in Europe. Although it is one of the members of the German, Austrian and Italian alliance, the relationship between the British and Italy is also very harmonious. Of course, because of the British's special global status, except for Germany, coastal countries will basically not have too bad relations with the UK.
Countries with interests along the coast of North Africa include the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Turkey and other countries. Now that Italy has been added, I can basically guarantee that the future situation will never be as harmonious as the original intention proposed by this resolution.
But that has nothing to do with me, so there will naturally be no other details. The last one, the eighth resolution, is the host's declaration of interests. All countries recognize the unique vassal system of the Chinese Empire and regard it as a control model that is slightly weaker than the colonial structure of the British Empire. They also confirmed the official documents of Japan, Tianhai, North Korea, Ryukyu, Siam, Nanzhang and Nepal that China currently has.
No country's affairs related to Pacific Asia shall be bypassed by China, otherwise it will be regarded as an act of war against China.
This article was proposed by me, the British accused it and the Germans passed it with high profile. It represents the joint will of the most powerful countries in Europe and Asia, and is naturally a huge gift to the host. It was written into the joint declaration of the eight major countries in Beijing and officially formed legal effect.
Of course, the validity period of this eight-focus joint declaration is deemed to be fifteen years, and if all the eight major powers decide to be necessary at the end of the peace treaty, they can consult again to extend the validity period of the declaration for another fifteen years.
On April 18, 1900, after visiting and visiting important occasions in Beijing for two days to relieve the fatigue caused by continuous meetings, the Beijing Declaration was officially made public. Of course, the full name is very long, the list of the names of the Eight Kingdoms + Beijing + the Joint Declaration on the peaceful resolution of current international disputes, first thanked the host for such an opportunity and good receptions these days, etc., and then the arrangement of the eight-point resolution plus additional clauses with the United States, and finally the signature of the head of eight countries was sealed, which officially took effect.
This has basically laid the foundation for the overall international situation in the next fifteen years. Although small bumps and bumps are indispensable, at least there can be a generally stable and orderly international environment that allows all heroes to practice their internal skills and prepare for the Huashan Sword Competition.
The other is that the British began to know that with the birth of this declaration, it basically means abolishing the Sino-British Alliance Treaty, which had long been inconsistent with the name. The British also began to slowly understand that the little brother had grown up and gradually began to have his own ideas.
For them, there are two choices: one is to do good things to the end and always maintain a friendly relationship. The other is to rely on the age and act domineeringly on the grounds that they have helped you in the past, which eventually leads to the good friends of that year turning against each other.
In the interpersonal relationship between people, the latter situation is seen more. The relationship between countries is not without later generations, and the example of Big Brother has not been many years. How to go depends on how the British Empire chooses.
After seeing off the heads of state, the year has almost passed.
Wait for a while and let the great momentum of this peace conference be restored to the country. In a month, when the residual heat is about to fade away, it is the moment when my edict of the subjects of the world is promulgated to the world. The Ministry of Education and Culture began one round after another. Excitement was inevitable.
This time the big move was bigger than any previous move, but the worries were smaller than ever.
The newly adapted Royal Army, that is, the number of troops who directly loyal to me, has reached 800,000. Nearly seventy military advisors, regardless of combat effectiveness, have been fully implemented in the new army's ideological control system. With this as a guarantee, coupled with the emperor's talent export to the constitution, it determines the victory or failure of this change. If anyone moves against me, it means that he is impatient. There are many examples of honor or humbleness in the past, and there are enough.
The four navy dreadnoughts were finally arrived. Before the meeting, the British completed the contract and the four ships were officially named. All four ships were named after the ancient emperors. Pangu, Fuxi, Youxiong, and Shennong will be the names of the four fearless-class battleships.
The navy's fleet division was also officially reported. The Northeast Asian fleet uses Dongning as its home port and has two imperial power-class battleships, the Kangxi and Li Shimin, which are mainly responsible for the security of Northeast Asian waters.
The local fleet uses Weihai as its home port, responsible for the sea security of the coastal areas of the main continent, and governs the combat fleet with four imperial power-class battleships as its main body. The Pacific fleet uses Manila Port as its home port to take care of the security of the South China Sea waters, Ryukyu, Taiwan and the waters near Hainan Island, forming the main framework of the three major combat fleets of the empire.
In terms of personnel, Liu Buchan was also formed as the commander of the three major fleets, Lin Taizeng, Deng Shichang and Sazhenbing, and the middle and low-level commanders of the navy also formed a command system with the Imperial Naval University graduated officers as the main body. In conjunction with the Navy's non-commissioned officers near major coastal ports, the Navy's personnel have formed a system in the next decade. In addition, a series of combat operations in Southeast Asia will be tempered in the next decade, so the navy will be satisfied.
On the Army, at the new official system setting meeting, some people have proposed that the Governor be completely incorporated into the military system, the position of Governor is abolished, and another military position is set up to replace it to alleviate the frequent discord between governors and governors in various places. All civil affairs are left to the Governors.
In other words, the power of the governor is reduced by expanding the status of governors to avoid the possible warlord separatist situation in the future. The biggest feature of the new official system is that it clarifies the term of office for each official position, which is generally five years. Unless there is a special referendum of the emperor, it cannot be re-elected for more than two terms to avoid officials' excessive control over the local area.
On the traditional issue of observing the system, individual voluntariness is the principle and no longer forced requirements are imposed.
Of course, this official system is still under further research. The work led by Zhang Zhidong is basically formulated from the starting point of national economic construction, which is naturally highly praised by me.
This is not something that is too urgent to do, because the focus of this year is not here. Instead, on the 28th day of the sixth lunar month, the emperor's birthday on the 30th birthday of Emperor Guangxu, it was announced that the name of the Qing Dynasty would be changed to China and the reign of China will be changed to China forever.
In addition, the next year, the national money and grain were exempted again to show the common sense of celebration. The silver coins of the first year of China were also gradually exchanged for silver circulating on the market to show new ideas and catalyze the speed of currency replacement.
Thirty years is a birthday celebration in China, so we naturally have to celebrate it. In addition, this year is the year of the Beijing Peace Conference. Almost the entire city of Beijing has changed, and joy and peace are also spread throughout the country. The new changes over the years have long been accustomed to one change after another.
Therefore, at the birthday party one month after the release of the test news, I officially issued the "Edict to the Subjects in the World" to the whole country: I have entered the Grand Prix and ruled for twenty-six years. When the country changes its prosperity, the Qing Dynasty should also adapt to the current world. Therefore, I specially issued the edict to the world, and the country was called the Qing Dynasty as China. Next year, the reign of the reign of China will not be replaced forever. I am here.
With this edict that goes straight to the topic, a large number of supporting publicity measures have also been implemented. The four-stage Confucian goal of self-cultivation, family management, country and peace in the world have been dealt with one by one to personal growth, family harmony, dedication to the country, grasping the overall situation of the world, and contributing one's own strength to the country's world goals.
In other words, the Chinese subject formed by every Chinese has the responsibility to help the world, and the Chinese have the responsibility to the world. Under the control of this theory, some wars that have been criticized for bullying weak neighbors have been named as the emancipation of weak nations.
The hawks among the younger generation are gradually growing up. They are also the earliest cheerers of this innovation, and with the enthusiasm of their young people, they have burned the fire to every place.
At the end of the year, the Luban airship mothership of the Lushun Shipyard was launched for sea trial. Lieutenant General Liu Buchan, the Governor of the Imperial Royal Navy, personally attended the acceptance ceremony. This airship mothership can carry four giant 60-ton airships or twelve small airships at the same time, and can store four airships in the cabin. It can form an attack strength of 240 tons at one time.
The hull is similar to later aircraft carriers, consisting of flight decks and superstructures. The hull is mainly aimed at defense, but twelve 160 fast cannons were also placed around to deal with general sea conditions.
The successful sea trial of this large surface ship independently developed and manufactured by the Chinese also inspired the Chinese people's national pride to the peak under the influence of publicity.
Afterwards, I issued an edict to place the international conference complex in the south of the city into the cabinet office, which greatly encouraged the bureaucracy led by Zhang Zhidong. Therefore, the court meeting was changed to once every five days, which was a relief for both the officials and me.
The three classes of the official and civil army were taken care of, and what was left was the vague area among these three classes, that is, the so-called masters among the people. In this era, masters had become a class with extremely special status. They were not officials of the court, but had the authority of the court. Generally speaking, a provincial official often had thousands of masters under his command, and all of these people were Bodhisattvas of the same place. Now I have to turn these people into the state's official system directly.
This opportunity was the establishment of the emperor's secretariat and the cabinet's secretariat. Taking this as an example, the national staff system turned into a secretariat system, and thus opened the prelude to the national official system reform.
At the beginning, we naturally wanted to give some sweetness. The salaries of officials have been low for a long time, but increasing income will cause public material discussions, but they will not achieve good results. Therefore, we start with the industry first.
All provinces across the country have official land, that is, land that belongs to the country. Part of it is allocated to local officials and those with outstanding virtues from the local government. Taking this as an opportunity to strictly implement the Qing government.
In the next four or five years, the country's strategic focus will be in addition to economic construction, which is the official system. After the determination is completed, an efficient and honest bureaucratic system will be formed. Of course, this is just a goal. When it is realized, there will inevitably be problems of one kind or another, and it will be adjusted slowly by then.
As long as the overall idea is good, it is to gradually increase the cost of officials' crime by gradually raising salaries in the late stage of delivery, and at the same time cooperate with the establishment of a strict administrative review system, and slowly arrest the slightly relaxed administrative work some time ago.
In 1900, it was basically over the past several major events.
By the following year, the first year of the reign of China was changed, and the rebirth of the Chinese Empire officially entered a new century.
Yuan Shikai's strategy in the Philippines also achieved results, and Luzon was officially incorporated into the province. A bureaucratic system was formed with local Chinese parties as the main body of officials. However, later, all of these parties were incorporated into the New Confucian Party, which is not mentioned later.
There are still many problems in the Philippines. In addition to the stability of Luzon, Mindanao and Visayas were both firmly controlled by the British after the British intervened first. Captinan and the British combined their interests to form a Philippine Republic under the protection of the British.
At present, it is naturally not suitable to compete with Britain for these places, so the boundary of the Chinese Empire stopped at Luzon in the southeast. This is also impossible. If Yuan Shikai was used instead of Tang Shaoyi from the beginning, the result might be better. But if this were the case, Japan might not have such a good situation. Therefore, it is impossible to have both fish and bear's paw.
This is the same for the British. While making progress in the Philippines, they failed to achieve imaginary victory in the Boer side to ensure a decent end to the Boer War within one year stipulated by the Beijing Declaration.
Under the German movement, a movement of sympathy and solidarity with the Boer Republic was launched on the European continent. The Netherlands and Belgium formed a large number of civil groups to raise funds for the Boer people, medical equipment and weapons and other war materials. More than 2,000 volunteers from Nordic countries formed volunteer troops across the ocean to the distant Africa and fought with the Boer people.
On the front battlefield, the British did not get any advantage. Lieutenant General George White's team of 4,000 people attacked a stronghold of the Boers. Unexpectedly, when passing through Nicholson Canyon, they encountered an ambush again. Under the command of General Ruber, the Boers fought another successful ambush. The British lost 1,281 people in half a day. As a last resort, the commander-in-chief who rifled to the enemy's territory had to retreat the remaining troops back to the base Rydersmith, but was chased and surrounded by Ruber's army's ranks.
There was a lieutenant general on the opposite side, and of course the Boers fought more and more courageously. Fortunately, the British army was not good at attacking, but the defense was very good, and the stalemate continued.
This was also an opportunity for the two sides to cease war, Joseph, the colonial minister of the British Empire.
Chamberlain held a ceasefire negotiations with Boer President Kruger, and continued to fight while the negotiations. After both sides suffered casualties and injuries, Britain finally reached a settlement with Boer and signed a peace treaty.
Britain paid £7 million to buy the area they needed, while Boole could continue to keep their remaining areas.
This also made Britain fulfill half of the provisions of the first article of the Beijing Declaration. In northern Africa, the British army showed strong temperament. With the assistance of the Egyptians, the Mahdi army was completely eliminated and Britain won a decent peace.
As time passes, as Beijing's declaration is fulfilled one by one, the world seems to have begun to settle down.
But then, the British recovered a heavy blow. Queen Victoria, the longest-reigning monarch in British history and the most capable monarch, completed her 82-year life journey and went to meet her beloved King Albert.
This was a major event that shocked Europe. Almost all the monarchs in Europe attended the queen's funeral, including William II, who once again gave the British a unique experience.
As the queen's first grandson, William II showed a completely different personality charm and deep attachment to the queen when he visited Britain last year and his deep attachment to the queen, which had greatly improved the British's impression of him. This funeral showed almost the same sorrow as his uncle Edward VII, and also made ordinary British people's favorable feelings for him.
But this is just a royal private relationship after all, and it cannot replace national relationships at all.
Two years after Germany began their Pacific strategy, Britain's formal response finally opened its doors. In this year, the Australian Federation, with six British colonies as the main body, was established. With this as a base, it echoed the North Pacific. Britain still used its usual strategy to surround the Germans.
The German Emperor naturally had to fight back.
Before the national excitement had passed after the change of the country, the cabinet approved the application of Fujian Vol to produce improved Prussian-class battleships, and agreed to the request of Krupp Company to add a steel plant in Guangdong.
After the Vladivostok shipyard produced the first two Prussian-class battleships, in East Asia, the Germans began to have a second shipyard to produce dreadnoughts. They officially began the shipbuilding plan for Tirpitz at the same time on both sides of the east and west sides.
But beyond the expectations of Germany, China and the whole world, the British had a new battleship launched in the second half of the year. This time, I did not receive any reports from the European Bureau of the Military Intelligence Department, which means that Mr. William White was not involved in the design of this new ship.
The traditional patron of British naval ships, that is, the Chinese Empire in East Asia, did not receive the same promotion as usual by the British. The British obviously had seen the shadow of their own dreadnoughts from the Germans' Prussian class and developed some doubt from it.
If you guessed correctly, one of the protagonists in this suspicion must be China.
A bad consequence is that China's shipbuilding industry will no longer be able to directly contact the world's first-class battleship designs.
Now we can only expect the Germans to grow up quickly, on the other hand, our ship design talents can be put into practical use as soon as possible.
Britain has begun to regard the Chinese Empire as a natural alliance, but rather an important country after its status has been improved. On the one hand, it is a good thing and a bad thing.
The good side is naturally that the country's influence has increased on these virtual aspects, while the bad side is clear at a glance, and the United Kingdom has begun to guard against us.
Chapter completed!