It turns out that Tang Bohu left his eight beautiful wives at home and ran out to burn some autumn incense. People can't help but wonder, isn't it good for Tang Bohu and his eight wives to drink, gamble, recite poems and write poems every day?

To be honest, isn’t this the lifelong pursuit of countless men?

But there is a saying that goes well: when things go to extremes, they will inevitably reverse.

I originally thought that the beautiful women in front of me were jealous and fighting openly and secretly, which was enough for me to drink. Now seeing them arguing relentlessly, I feel like my head is about to explode.

"Lin Kun, Lin Kun, what kind of confusion are you doing?" I laughed at myself.

So, I returned to the living room alone and allowed them to continue their endless quarrel.

It's hard to imagine that a beautiful woman who is dignified and generous in person can have a fierce demeanor when she points her nose and scolds her.

Slowly, their quarrels became background music.

I was inadvertently attracted by a travel magazine that was knocked over in the living room. Anyway, instead of arguing with them, I might as well read a book and kill the time.

"Hengduan Mountains..." When I saw the huge mountains towering into the clouds and the deep and remote secret realms on the cover, I suddenly felt much better, and my mind was gradually attracted by the beautiful scenery, and I forgot about the world.

troubles in time.

On the territory of China, there is a large area bordering the three provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. There is a series of mountain groups composed of north-south mountains. They are compact and dense, and as part of the dividing line between the first and second ladders of China's terrain, they are as if from

The water pouring out of the big basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau violently hits the Indochina Peninsula.

Since the average altitude is more than 4,000 meters, and mountains and valleys are arranged alternately, the terrain difference between the ridges and valleys averages 1,000-2,000 meters. In the middle of the mountainous area, there is the Lancang River, the Nu River and the Jinsha River running southward parallel to the mountains, transversing the east-west direction.

Transportation, so it is called the Hengduan Mountains.

Many people are not familiar with the Hengduan Mountains. Although it appears frequently in geography textbooks and many people have this term on their lips, this maze-like area is far more complicated than you think.

The existence of the Hengduan Mountains is of vital importance to southwest China. It is this series of mountains and rivers that give southwest China its colorful national culture, and it is also this series of mountains that keep the economy of these areas stagnant.

Unlike the Himalayas and the Tanggula Mountains, which run east and west on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the eastern portion of the Hengduan Mountains does not continue to expand horizontally to the east, but turns sharply southward at almost a right angle. This is also the topography of the Hengduan Mountains in the world.

The strange thing about it. Such great changes in mountains and rivers come from the huge energy of the ancient earth.

The formation of the peculiar mountain range also gave birth to the peculiar civilization here. The direction of the earth has undergone a huge shift between Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan. About 200 million years ago, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the continent where the Hengduan Mountains are located were still covered by large areas.

Covered by the ocean. This ocean engulfed the southern part of today's Eurasian continent and was connected with the waters of Southeast Asia, southern Europe, and the waters of northwest Africa. It was called the "Ancient Mediterranean Sea" and was also called the "Tethys Sea".

Later, with the violent collision and extrusion of the plates, the waves gradually receded, and the land plate rose and was exposed, forming the prototype of the plateau terrain. The Hengduan Mountains were formed by the collision and extrusion of the Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate during this rising process.

Fold mountain system.

When the Indian Plate, which was isolated offshore, rushed into the Eurasian Plate from south to north, it was blocked by the North China Block and the Tarim Block to the north, and began to rise upward to form the Himalayas. Due to the huge compression force in the north-south direction,

The plate material is extruded in the east-west direction.

The outflow material from the east was resisted by the Yangtze Massif and could only move toward the south where there was a gap. The east-west compression caused the crust to shrink, forming a fold-like deformation, and the steep and compact Hengduan Mountains were born.

close

There are different opinions on how many mountain ranges there are in the Hengduan Mountains. Broadly speaking, it can be said that they start from Minshan in the east to the Bossula Ridge-Gaoligong Mountain in the west, border with Qamdo in the north, the line from Garze to Markang, and reach the mountainous areas on the China-Myanmar border in the south.

Counting the Hengduan Mountains, the total area is 364,000 square kilometers.

When the Hengduan Mountains turned from east to west to north to south, the space between the mountains was also sharply compressed by the east-west pressure. The width of the mountainous area is less than 60 kilometers, which accommodates the Jinsha River, Lancang River, and Nu River that are almost parallel from north to south without intersecting.

The rivers form the famous spectacle of three parallel rivers.

What many people don’t know is that there is actually a Dulong River flowing to Myanmar to the west of the Nujiang River, Lancang River, and Jinsha River. Some people also call it the “Four Parallel Rivers”

This unique geographical environment and mountain range make the east and west parts of the Hengduan Mountains affected by the monsoons from the Pacific and Indian Oceans respectively.

Under the influence of the southwest monsoon in the west, it rains heavily on the west side of the mountain range, while the leeward slopes on the east side are relatively dry, with humidity decreasing from west to east.

Next to the Indian Ocean - the Bay of Bengal, the source of storms, there will be no shortage of rain. At the same time, the north-south ravine allows the southwest monsoon to use it as a passage to the north, allowing the surface vegetation to present tropical seasons from south to north depending on the climate and terrain.

The distinct and complex ecological pattern of rainforest - subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest - temperate coniferous broad-leaved forest - temperate and cold alpine forest meadow nourishes countless organisms.

Under the dual influence of climate and terrain environment, the northern Hengduan Mountains have a relatively harsh climate and are mostly vast grasslands, suitable for nomadic life. Extremely limited resources have led to constant conquests between various ethnic groups and tribes in history, and the defeated have had to give up their lives on the grasslands.

resources, and fled south. The rugged and complex terrain of the southern mountainous areas protected a large number of defeated ethnic groups, and gradually formed independent ethnic groups in the mountains.

Therefore, in ancient times, there were many small countries and tribes in the southwestern frontier area, engaged in closed farming and herding activities. There were insurmountable transportation obstacles between tribes in each country, and the amount of resources they possessed was extremely limited. It was a situation where one ethnic group unified the power of other ethnic groups.

It's very rare.

Although Yunnan and Guizhou had many so-called "ancient kingdoms" in BC, their scale and organizational capabilities can be imagined. As for the Hengduan area, which is completely mountainous, you can only rely on your imagination.

On the one hand, this closed environment, steep mountains, and inconvenient transportation directly hindered the annexation and integration of ethnic groups, causing each tribe to develop its own customs and languages ​​independently and not communicating with each other. Even different villages that originally shared the same ancestors

, after a long period of lack of communication due to geographical disconnection, they will gradually differentiate into different ethnic groups over time.

On the other hand, due to the diverse natural ecological conditions created by the living space in the shape of narrow and longitudinal mountains and river valleys, residents in different geographical units are engaged in economic production activities such as farming, grazing, fishing, hunting, and gathering. Different lifestyles are also

This further affects the differences in living habits and customs.

The two major influencing factors caused by geographical isolation directly led to the ethnic isolation in the Hengduan Mountains. In Yunnan Province alone, there are 23 ethnic groups living together, making it the province with the most ethnic groups in my country. In the long-term evolution process of each ethnic group, Clothing, language, habits and other historical and traditional cultures have also been passed down more completely.

For the Central Plains dynasty, an expedition to the southwest to mobilize troops would achieve twice the result with half the effort. Rather than educating them personally, recruiting trade and setting up counties for management would be a better choice.

According to "Historical Records", during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to open up the trade routes from Bashu to India (today's "Southern Silk Road") and from Bashu to Vietnam via Yelang Kingdom (west of Guizhou, northeast of Yunnan), he sent troops to recruit nearby people.

The tribal states were combined with counties. It was only later during the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Western Han Dynasty that the Yelang Kingdom coerced 22 surrounding towns to rebel against the Han Dynasty before it was destroyed by troops.

Although the Han Empire established many counties in the southwest, it relied heavily on local "agents" and had weak control. Under the technical conditions at the time, compared with those leading to India and Vietnam,

, what is really important is to lead to Lingnan.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, although this area was briefly unified by states such as Nanzhao and Dali, the ethnic minority regimes still maintained a relatively friendly and obedient attitude toward the powerful Central Plains dynasties.

By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Yi and Naxi ethnic groups who had lived in the southwest were still subordinate to the Central Plains Dynasty. However, due to the high autonomy of the political system, various regions in the southwest still retained their own political systems and customs and cultures.

Although the Central Dynasty's management of Yunnan became more and more strict at that time, it was still difficult to say whether a northerner traveling to Yunnan would be captured by the local chieftain.

The rugged and steep geographical environment preserved peace and stability during wartime, but in peacetime it caused considerable obstacles to the flow of people and materials and economic development. For quite some time, ziplining was a popular way for local residents to live.

Jiang's main method.

“If you want to get rich, build roads first.” This sentence is particularly important in today’s Hengduan Mountains. Adjacent to the Indian Ocean and influenced by the halo of the ancient Southern Silk Road, Yunnan is most suitable to rely on border trade with ASEAN countries to get rich.

and access to the Indian Ocean through Myanmar.

At the back of the magazine article, the author also left a forum URL. Out of appreciation for the author's article, I logged into the forum.

After entering the post, I discovered that the building was already in full swing. Many people praised the author's travelogue.

One of the posts mentioned something that impressed me deeply. Among the many neighboring countries bordering Yunnan, only Vietnam is connected by railway, and in order to connect to the Indian Ocean through Myanmar, the Hengduan Mountains must be crossed.

However, the barrier of the Hengduan Mountains makes east-west land transportation inconvenient, and goods and people from the east cannot quickly enter Yunnan. The steep mountains also make the rivers in the Hengduan Mountains flow extremely fast, making them unsuitable for inland shipping. This greatly restricts

Choose the strategic mobility of the seaport and the development potential of the mountainous area.

Therefore, in today's national railway network construction, the railway transportation problem in the Hengduan Mountains needs to be overcome no matter what. The Yunnan-Tibet Railway, one of the five railways into Tibet known as the "Heavenly Road", is planned to run diagonally from southeast to northwest.

Crossing the Hengduan Mountains is a project that best reflects the complex and changeable geological conditions and dangers of the Hengduan Mountains.

However, even if we successfully built the Qinghai-Tibet Skyway, we encountered a tough nut to crack in the Hengduan Mountains.

As part of the reconstruction of the Southern Silk Road, the Dali-Ruili Railway from Dali to Ruili in the Hengduan Mountains is also an important part of the Western Line of the Pan-Asian Railway.

But surprisingly, the Dazhushan Tunnel on this section of the railway line has not been completed nearly 10 years after construction started in 2008. The long-delayed construction time has refreshed the history of railway construction, and is known as the most difficult tunnel to be dug in China.

tunnel.

The treatment and problem research of faults, debris flows, high temperatures, high-pressure water sprays, gas leaks and other dangerous situations accounted for 90% of the construction time. From 2009 to 2011, it took 26 months to dig a 156-meter-long Swallow's Nest fault. Originally

The construction of the railway, which was expected to be opened to traffic around 2014, has been delayed until today, and is scheduled to be completed around 2021.

In fact, after the 14.5-kilometer tunnel was opened to traffic, it only took 7 minutes for the train to pass through Dazhu Mountain. However, behind these 7 minutes is the national strength, cutting-edge technology, the dedication of countless front-line personnel, and the hard struggle against natural conditions.

Finally, the poster wrote this paragraph: With the advancement of transportation technology and the gradual improvement of national power, the Hengduan Mountains, which have besieged residents for thousands of years in the agricultural era, will finally join the world's economic division of labor. The sinister nature that cuts off communication between nations and countries

conditions will eventually no longer be an obstacle to east-west traffic.

We will witness with our own eyes the end of a historical culture that was closed due to geography.
Chapter completed!