Qin was originally a small country located in the western border. During the rebellion of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang was used to lay the foundation for the prosperity of the country. Later, he continued to develop his power outside and his national strength was strong. During the reign of King Zhao of Qin, Bai Qi was appointed as the general. Bai Qi was known for his deep understanding of strategies. In the 13th year of King Zhao of Qin (294 BC), Bai Qi was appointed Zuo Shuchang and led his troops to attack Han Xincheng (now west of Yichuan County, Henan). The following year, Zuo Shuchang moved from Zuo Geng to attack Han and Wei, and used the tactics of avoiding the real and attacking the void. The tactics of defeating each defeated completely wiped out the Han Wei coalition forces in Yique (now Longmen, Luoyang, Henan), and captured 240,000 heads, captured the general Gongsun Xi, and captured five cities (see the Battle of Yique). He was promoted to the National Eye for his merits. He crossed the Yellow River to capture Han'anyi to Ganhe east of Han'anyi The land. In the fifteenth year, Daliangzao was promoted to Daliangzao, leading troops to capture Wei, occupying 61 cities of all sizes. In the sixteenth year, Bai Qi and his guest Sima Cuo jointly captured Xiayuancheng. In the twenty-one, Bai Qi attacked Zhao and captured Guanglang City (now west of Gaoping County, Shanxi). In the twenty-eighth year, he attacked Chu, captured Yan, Deng and other five cities. The following year, he captured the capital of Chu, Ying (now northwest of Jiangling, Hubei), burned Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei), and advanced eastward to Jingling. The King of Chu fled the capital and took refuge in Chen (see the Battle of Yan and Ying). The Qin State appointed Yingdu as the Nanjun. Bai Qi was named Wu'an Jun (say that he could raise soldiers, and would definitely defeat the war, and the people would gather, so he was called Wu'an). He also captured Chu State, pacified Wu and Qianzhong (now Sichuan, Guizhou area) and two counties ( See the Battle of Qianzhong). In the 34th year, Bai Qi led his army to attack the Zhao-Wei coalition forces to save Han, and defeated the coalition forces in Huayang (now north of Xinzheng, Henan). Wei general Mangmao fled and captured Han Zhao-Wei (also known as the Three Jins) and beheaded 130,000 (see the Battle of Huayang). He fought with Zhao-Jia Yan and drowned 20,000 Zhao soldiers. In the 43th year, Bai Qi attacked Han Xingcheng, captured five cities, and beheaded 50,000 (see the Battle of Xingcheng). In the 44th year, Bai Qi attacked Han Nanyang Taixing Road and cut off Han Taixing Road. In the 45th year, Ye Wang (now Qinyang, Henan). Ye Wang surrendered to Qin, and the road to Shangdang to the capital was cut off (Han Xinzheng, Shangdang must cross the river by the Ye Wang before it can be connected to Xinzheng). The county magistrate Feng Ting planned with the people The proposal said: "The road to the outside world has been cut off, and we can no longer serve the people of South Korea. The Qin soldiers are approaching and South Korea cannot save them. It is better to submit Shangdang to Zhao. If Zhao accepts it, Qin will attack Zhao. Zhao will be enemies and will be close to Korea. Han and Zhao will unite to resist Qin." So he sent someone to report to Zhao. King Xiaocheng of Zhao and Pingyang Jun and Pingyuan Jun's plan for this. Pingyang Jun said: "Don't accept it. The disaster brought by acceptance must be greater than the benefits obtained." Pingyuan Jun believed that: How can you ignore the land you got for free? Accepting it will be beneficial to us. Zhao indeed accepted Shangdang and appointed Feng Ting as Huayang Jun. In the 46th year, Qin captured the Han Guo clan and Lin.

In the 47th year of King Zhao (260 BC), Qin sent the left Shuchang Wang He to attack Han and seize Shangdang. The people of Shangdang fled to Zhao, and Zhao stationed troops in Changping (now Gaoping County, Shanxi) to pacify the people of Shangdang. In April, Wang He attacked Zhao, and Zhao sent Lian Po to resist. The soldiers of Zhao army met the Qin scouts and clashed. Qin scouts killed Zhao (pin general, military position) Jia. In June, they defeated the Zhao army and took the fourth lieutenant of the two lieutenant. In July, the Zhao army built a wall to defend. The Qin army attacked the Zhao army again, took the two lieutenant, defeated the formation and seized the west lieutenant.

The two sides were in stalemate for many days, and the Zhao army suffered huge losses. Lian Po decided to adopt a strategy of sticking to the camp to wait for the Qin army to attack based on the situation of strong enemies and weak enemies. The Qin army challenged many times, but Zhao did not send troops. King Zhao repeatedly blamed Lian Po for this. The corresponding marquis of Qin Fan Ju sent people to bribe the powerful ministers of Zhao State with a thousand gold coins, and used a divisive strategy to spread rumors: "What Qin hated and feared was Zhao Kuo, the son of the Mafujun king Zhao She; Lian Po was easy to deal with, and he was about to surrender." The King of Zhao resented Lian Po for his defeat and suffered heavy casualties. He also felt that Lian Po was firm in his walls and refused to fight. Therefore, he believed the rumors and sent Zhao Kuo to replace Lian Po as a general and ordered him to lead his troops to attack Qin.

After Bai Qi (331 BC-257 BC) Zhao Kuo took office, he reversed Lian Po's deployment, not only changed the system of the troops in the face of war, but also replaced the generals in large numbers, causing the Zhao army to lose its combat effectiveness. Seeing that Zhao was trapped, Qin secretly appointed Bai Qi as the general and Wang Pang as the deputy general of Wei. Bai Qi was too famous, which made the Zhao army be prepared. The King of Qin ordered that "those who dared to vent the generals of Wu'an were killed." ("Records of the Grand Historian-Bai Qi and Wang Jian")

Facing the reckless and underestimated the enemy and arrogantly relied on, Bai Qi decided to adopt the tactic of retreating and luring the enemy, and splitting the encirclement and annihilation. He ordered the frontier troops to take on the task of luring the enemy. When the Zhao army attacked, they pretended to be defeated and retreated, and placed the main force in depth to build a bag-shaped position. Another 5,000 elite troops were wedged between the enemy's vanguard and the main force, waiting for an opportunity to split the Zhao army. In August, Zhao Kuo took offensive action rashly without knowing the truth. The Qin army pretended to be defeated and secretly spread its wings to set up a surprise force to control the Zhao army. Zhao army was not allowed to do so.

Taking advantage of the victory to pursue the barriers of the Qin army, Qin was prepared, and the barriers were strong and could not be entered. Bai Qi ordered the two wings to attack quickly and cut the Zhao army into three sections. The Zhao army was separated from the head and tail, and the food route was cut off. The Qin army sent light cavalry to constantly harass the Zhao army. The battle situation of the Zhao army was critical, so he had to build a wall to hold on to the rescue. The Qin king heard that the food route of the Zhao State was cut off, so he personally went to Henei to supervise the battle, recruited male men over fifteen years old to join the army, and rewarded the civilian titles to block the reinforcements and food of Zhao State, and devoted the whole country to fight against Zhao.

By September, the Zhao soldiers had been out of food for forty-six days, and were hungry, and even killed each other. Zhao Kuo was desperate and gathered his troops again, divided into four teams to break through, but he could not leave. Zhao Kuo personally led elite troops to fight and was shot and killed by the Qin army. The Zhao army was defeated, and 400,000 Zhao soldiers surrendered. Bai Qi discussed with others: "The Qin had captured Shangdang before, and the people of Shangdang were unwilling to surrender to Qin but surrendered to Zhao State. The soldiers of Zhao State were capricious and would not be killed, and they would probably become a disaster in the future." So he used fraud to kill all the Zhao soldiers, leaving only 240 young soldiers back to Zhao State to report the news. In the Battle of Changping, the Qin army successively killed and captured a total of 450,000 Zhao troops, which shocked the whole country. From then on, Zhao State was greatly damaged and he could not recover.

After the Battle of Changping, Bai Qi originally planned to take advantage of the victory to destroy Zhao. In October of the 48th year of King Zhao, Qin pacified Shangdang again, and the latter army divided into two routes: one was led by Wang Yi to attack Pilao (now Wu'an, Hebei); the other was Sima Geng to capture Taiyuan. Bai Qi was siege of Handan. Han and Zhao were extremely frightened and sent Su Dai to bribe the corresponding Hou Fan Ju of Qin with a large amount of money and said: "Bai Qi captured and killed Zhao Kuo and besieged Handan. Once Zhao was destroyed, Qin could be called emperor, and Bai Qi would also be named the third duke. He attacked more than 70 cities for Qin, settled Yan, Ying, Hanzhong, and captured Zhao Kuo's army in the north. Even if Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong, Lu Wang's achievements could not exceed him. Now if Zhao was destroyed, Qin would be the king.

Bai Qi must be the Three Duke. Can you be under Bai Qi? Even if you are unwilling to be in his lower throne, it will not be possible. Qin once attacked Han, besieged Xingqiu, trapped Shangdang, and the people of Shangdang all fled to Zhao. The people in the world have been unhappy for the Qin people for a long time. Now, the territory of Zhao has been destroyed, and Qin's territory has reached Yan in the north, Qi in the east, and Han Wei in the south, but Qin has not received much of the people. It is better to let Han and Zhao cede land for peace, so that Bai Qi will not be able to destroy Zhao again." So Fan Ju asked for permission to Han and Zhao cede land for peace on the grounds that the Qin army was exhausted and was eager to recuperate. King Zhao agreed. Han cede Yuanyong and Zhao cedes six cities for peace, and they all stopped in the first month. Bai Qi heard about this and then formed a grudge with Fan Ju.

In September of that year, Qin sent another army to send five officials Wang Ling to attack Zhao Handan (see the Battle of Handan). As Bai Qi was sick, he could not move. In the first month of the second year, Wang Ling's attack on Handan was not very smooth, and the King of Qin issued more heavy troops to support him, and Wang Ling lost five lieutenants. Bai Qi recovered from illness, and the King of Qin wanted to use Bai Qi as the general to attack Handan. Bai Qi said to King Zhao: "Handan is not easy to attack, and if the princes rescue him, the troops will arrive in one day. The princes have been resentful of Qin for a long time. Although Qin has defeated Zhao's army in Changping, more than half of the casualties were injured and half of them were injured and empty in the country. Our army is far away from the rivers and mountains to fight for other people's capital. If Zhao State responds to the battle from the inside and the princes are supporting him outside, they will definitely be able to defeat the Qin army. Therefore, it is not possible to send troops to attack Zhao." King Zhao personally issued an order that it did not work, and he sent Fan Ju to ask, but Bai Qi refused and said that he could not afford to get sick.

King Zhao changed Wang He to replace Wang Ling as a general. In August and September, he besieged Handan and could not capture him for a long time. Chu sent Chunshen Jun and Wei Gongzi Xinling Jun to lead hundreds of thousands of troops to attack the Qin army, and the Qin army suffered heavy casualties. Bai Qi heard this and said, "Why now the King of Qin did not listen to my plan?" King Zhao was furious and forced Bai Qi to send troops. Bai Qi claimed to be seriously ill. After Fan Ju's request, he still claimed that he could not afford to get sick. So King Zhao removed Bai Qi from his official position, demoted to a soldier, and moved to Yinmi (now west of Lingtai County, Gansu). Because Bai Qi was sick, he failed to make a journey. After living in Xianyang for three months, the princes continued to attack the Qin army. The Qin army retreated step by step, and those who were in distress followed one after another. The King of Qin sent people to send Bai

Qi ordered him not to stay in Xianyang. Bai Qi left Xianyang and went to Du You, and King Zhao and Fan Ju and other ministers to discuss. Bai Qi was demoted to Xianyang. He was dissatisfied and complained, so he might as well execute him. So King Zhao sent an envoy to take a sword and ordered Bai Qi to commit suicide. Bai Qi fell to his sword and said, "Why am I guilty of heaven and this?" After a long time, he said, "I should die. In the Battle of Changping, hundreds of thousands of Zhao soldiers surrendered, and I cheated them all, which is enough to die." ("Records of the Grand Historian-Bai Qi and Wang Jian") So he committed suicide. When Bai Qi died, it was November of the 50th year of King Zhao of Qin (257 BC). Bai Qi died was not his crime. The people of Qin pity him and sacrificed him in the townships and towns.

Those who start well may not end well. Bai Qi was so arrogant that he died in the hands of his own people. As the saying goes, "A bird is gone, a good bow is hidden, a cunning rabbit dies, and a lackey is cooked." Bai Qi is like this, Wu Zixu, and Li Mu are like this.

[Edit this section] [Great record]

In the Battle of Yique, he killed 240,000 Han and Wei coalition forces. He attacked Chu three times, captured Chu capital, burned its ancestral temple, and wiped out 350,000 Chu troops.

Attacking Zhao, he annihilated 600,000 Zhao's army (including the Battle of Changping). Attacking Han and Wei, he annihilated 300,000.

Bai Qi wiped out about 1.65 million troops from the six countries in his life!

Bai Qi commanded many important battles. He defeated the Chu army, attacked Yingdu, and forced the Chu State to move its capital. The Chu State never recovered from then on. The Battle of Yique annihilated 240,000 Han and Wei coalition forces, completely sweeping the Qin army's way eastward advance. Changping annihilated 450,000 Zhao troops in one battle in one fell swoop, setting the earliest and largest precedent in the history of our country. He had no defeat in more than 70 battles, and was promoted from the lowest level of military officer to the founding of the King of Wu'an. The six countries were frightened when they heard about Bai Qi.

In the Battle of Changping, a total of 450,000 people were killed. In the previous attack on Han, Wei Yu Yique beheaded 240,000, attacked Chu in Yan Jushuiguancheng and drowned hundreds of thousands, attacked Wei in Huayang beheaded 130,000, fought with Zhao general Jia Yan and killed 20,000 soldiers, and attacked Han in Xingcheng, totaling more than one million. This is a very incomplete murder bill for Bai Qi. According to Liang Qichao's investigation, a total of 2 million people were killed in battle during the Warring States Period, and Bai Qi was one-half. Later, because of a disagreement with King Zhaoxiang of Qin on whether to attack Zhao again, he was replaced by Wang Ling and he withdrew from the historical stage.

The combat command art of Bai Qi in the ancient battlefield of Changping represents the level of war development during the Warring States Period. Bai Qi used troops and was good at analyzing the situation of the enemy and us, and then adopted the correct strategy and tactics to launch an attack on the enemy. For example, in the Battle of Yique, concentrating troops and defeating them one by one; in the Battle of Yan and Ying, the heart-wrenching tactics were attached with water attacks; in the Battle of Huayang, long-distance attacks. In the Battle of Changping, the battle of feigned defeat to lure the enemy away from the existing positions, and then divided the siege tactics, annihilated 450,000 enemies, creating the largest annihilation battle in the history of pre-Qin wars, and it was also the earliest, largest and most thorough siege and annihilation battle in Chinese history. Its scale and brilliant results are also rare in the history of world wars. The Battle of Changping also reflects the outline of the development of the war itself.

[Edit this section] [Combat Features]

Bai Qi has three combat characteristics:

First, he does not aim to capture cities and land, but to use annihilation war thinking to annihilate the enemy's living forces as the main purpose. He is also good at field attacks and requires annihilation. This is Bai Qi's most prominent feature. He is the unparalleled commander in the history of war who uses encirclement and annihilation tactics to fight. He is also one of the military commanders who are very good at fighting annihilation wars in the history of war.

Second, in order to achieve the purpose of the annihilation war, we emphasize the pursuit war and pursue the enemy relentlessly. Compared with Sun Wu's "Don't pursue the enemy" and Shang Yang's "Great Victory and Chase the North" ("Shang Jun's Book·Tactics Tenth"), it is obviously a step forward.

Third, we attach importance to field battle fortifications, first lure the enemy troops out of the basement position, then build the enemy in the expected annihilation area to block the enemy, and prevent them from breaking through. This kind of combat guiding ideology using fortifications as an auxiliary means of offensive attack was unprecedented at that time.

[Edit this section] [Gukou Village]

According to legend, the Skeleton King Temple was the place where Bai Qi killed the Zhao army. Therefore, Gukou Village is also known as Sha Gu, Crying Tou, and Sheng Yuan Valley. It is located 5 kilometers west of Gaoping City. There are Bai Qitai, Skeleton Mountain, Skeleton King Temple and other ancient sites in the village. The Skeleton King Temple was built in the Tang Dynasty. When Emperor Xuanzong of Tang was the Lu King, he visited here and saw white bones everywhere and his head was formed into a mountain. It was shocking. So he built the Skeleton King Temple next to the Skeleton Mountain. "The giant among the skeleton bones is selected and the skeleton king is erected as a skeleton king.

". The Skeleton King Temple is a relic of the Qing Dynasty, and the statue of Zhao Kuo and his wife is shaped in the temple. The Ming Dynasty poet Yu Dazhen wrote: "This place originated from the battlefield, with the desert and the wilderness. There are always many wind and rain and ghosts crying, like in the desert of the ancient temple of Yingling. Zhao General has left a thousand years of hatred, so why does the Qin soldiers want to die again? In fact, the temple is hard to worship, and there is no believer in the skeletons. "Every time people visit Gaoping, they have to visit the Skeleton King Temple and appreciate the majestic scenes of the Changping ancient battlefield.

[Edit this section] [Recounting Bai Qi again]

The general with the most brilliant military achievements in Chinese history and the most prominent general during the Warring States Period. He has been fighting on the battlefield for more than 30 years. As long as the troops of the six countries heard that he was the one who brought troops to fight, he was so scared that he was shocked. "Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Fan Sui and Cai Ze" records: All countries dare not fight with Qin, and a note was added later because the Qin people had such a general! A general reached such a level, which was rare in the history of war. He made extraordinary contributions to the great cause of Qin's unification. His achievements created the highest practical example of Chinese military strategy---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bai Qi led countless troops to fight in his life, annihilated more than one million troops of the six countries. He attacked more than 70 cities in the six countries. The miracle was in that time when war was raging. He never lost a war in his life (various historical data shows that he was indeed defeated once). He often defeated more with less. He was both a superb tactician and a wise strategist. The scale of the war he commanded was so large and the cruelty of the battle were rarely compared in later generations! What is the Warring States Period, that is, war, politics and other national events happened in spring and autumn! Bai Qi attacked Hanoi, the Wei Kingdom in winter.

Setting a precedent for the Winter War, the first time in the history of China's military, the large-scale siege of infantry was used. Bai Qi commanded the Battle of Changping and annihilated the Zhao army. He killed more than 400,000 Zhao army (also said that it was more than 600,000 and more than 400,000 surrendered soldiers). The Battle of Changping was not only a key battle for China to move towards unification and rewrite history, but also the most cruel and heroic major battle in world military history, and it was also the earliest and most thorough encirclement and annihilation war in Chinese history. Its scale and glorious results are rare in the history of world wars. It is a precedent for China's large-scale encirclement and annihilation tactics.

The Battle of Changping was a life-and-death battle between the two countries. The scale of the war at that time was very rare in the history of ancient wars. It was the largest war in the Warring States Period, which was the military forces mobilized by Qin and Zhao. Judging from historical books, it should have been about 1 million. In that era, more than two thousand years ago, this was a very terrible statistics, more than 1 million. So this war could not afford to lose for both sides, including the strong Qin. In fact, this was a war in the late Warring States Period, and who decided to unify China. In this war, Bai Qi once again played the male lead.

In that war era, Bai Qi fought an annihilation war. He eliminated the enemy's living forces. He always followed this principle, which was the most efficient principle at that time. Because we must not forget that in the period when the Warring States Period was not large and the recovery was slow, human resources were more precious than land resources. In that era, war broke out every year, and all the monarchs of the vassal states were fighting. If you captured a large number of soldiers in a war, okay, the war ended here and after you let them go, they would still be soldiers in the next war, and the war would always go on, and the war would continue one after another. If the Battle of Changping did not kill and surrender, the 450,000 Zhao troops turned back and became another large army, and the Qin army was equal to fighting in vain. Bai Qi made the country's plan - kill!

The Battle of Changping was a feat in China's military history and even diplomatic history. However, the one who accomplished this feat was the Qin State, which was despised by later Confucian literature and history, which pursued the rule of the Legalist country (rule of the country according to law)!

Bai Qi's genius, a great god of war, ignored power and was not worthy of the word "hero". As for heroes, they have always been given to people praised by Confucian kings in later generations. Because Bai Qi killed too many enemies, he was also excluded by these "benevolent, righteous and moral" literati. Therefore, later generations often call him a murderous devil, and some historians even believe that Bai Qi is not worthy of being a famous general at all. But we all know that in fact, Bai Qi has a very important position in the history of the world's military and is the "god of war" who truly lives for war!

Among the famous generals of the Warring States Period, Wu Qi, Pang Juan, Sun Bin of Qi, and Le Yi of Yan State, all of them first became famous military scholars and later went to the country they like to "receive generals" in their favorite countries, hoping to be appreciated by wise monarchs. This is a good atmosphere of selecting talents in the Warring States Period, and the so-called "a hundred schools of thought contend, selecting the best and adapting". Most of these "famous generals" wrote books after retirement or losing power, and they should pass on their military theory and practice in later generations.

The four famous generals of the Warring States Period - Bai Qi, Lian Po, Wang Jian and Li Mu, were not systematically studied by military strategists. They were purely "original origin". They started with small soldiers and relied on their military fame in killing and fighting to survive.
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