Seeing the confused expressions of the people below, Wang Xiaolie also felt helpless. This knowledge is boring to talk about and sounds boring. And for the people who are talking, this knowledge is very simple and should be understood as soon as it is said. But for the people who are listening, it is

It's obscure and difficult, and I don't know what to say.

Taking a sip of water to moisten his throat, Wang Xiaolie continued: "There are no boundaries, which means that the world is not the same everywhere, but different. To people, these differences are different matters.

In order to understand these things and explain them clearly, various names were given. When naming names, it is necessary to define these names. When the names are defined, boundaries are drawn. In the human world,

Every name has a boundary. Beyond the boundary, it is no longer the matter of the name. But in the real world, there is no boundary. Each name is just defined by people for their own convenience. From these names, the combination

The changes in the world and the knowledge formed are of course not the true face of the world. This is how we use the names and knowledge formed by human beings to understand the world bit by bit and approach the reality bit by bit."

"By approaching reality in this way, what we realize can never be the real world. It is always worse, more or less. We don't know what the real world is like and how the world changes. This world we don't know,

Call it Tao."

"In a world with degrees and no boundaries, how do we understand the world? The differences in degrees must be firmly grasped, and the absence of boundaries must be clear, so that we can firmly grasp the differences in various matters. Once we forget this, we must have a different understanding of matters with different names.

If you try to find a boundary, you often end up in confusion. In the end, you even forget what the name means."

"We know it this way. For example, there are two high places on the earth, which we call mountains. The low place between the mountains, we call it a valley. The mountains and valleys look very obvious. This mountain and

That mountain is very clearly distinguished. But the boundary between the two is actually difficult to distinguish. If we draw a line between the two mountains, this mountain is on this side of the line, and that mountain is on the other side of the line.

Mountain. Even if this line happens to be drawn in the middle of two mountains, this boundary is unreal. If the drawn line is removed and a person is asked to find the lowest place and say that is the boundary between the two mountains, then

This person either has not reached the boundary and thinks he has arrived, or has crossed the boundary and thinks he has not yet reached it, and cannot find the boundary. What's more, the boundary is a precise position, but the real world is not so precise. The boundaries we know are considered precise.

In fact, it is a large or small range. On the edge of the boundary, as long as you think about it, you can always get closer to the boundary and eventually reach the other side."

Having said this, Wang Xiaolie shook his head, feeling that what he said was not clear. But for a while, he couldn't think of a better way to put it.

The following people have read some books, but their knowledge is not deep, so they cannot explain it too clearly. The examples given are just to be simple and easy to understand, but in fact they are not very suitable. It can only let them have a general concept first, and then slowly

deepen.

It’s impossible not to talk about these contents. Why should we establish such a government, why should we recruit these officials, and why we do things as we do, all must have their basis. If Wang Xiaolie decided to do this just because his brain got hot, how could a system be formed?

Woolen cloth.

As a political organization, it must have its own philosophy. If it does not have its own philosophy, it must borrow the philosophy of others. Or in traditional Chinese terms, a political organization must have its own ideas. If it has no ideas, it has lost its soul.

European civilization originated from concepts, and then formed its own logic, thus forming a set of ideological systems. They also discovered the difference between the conceptual world and the real world, thus forming the division between the rational world and the perceptual world. It is just that they believe that the rational world is

is real, the perceptual world is unreal. This is related to European beliefs, which can ultimately be attributed to the omnipotent Lord.

Wang Xiaolie starts from traditional Chinese thought and does not believe that there is a distinction between the rational world and the perceptual world. There is only one world. This only world is the world of heaven. People live in the real world, but their understanding of the world is not

Really. We can only feel the Tao and understand the Tao from the side, but we cannot truly explain the Tao clearly.

The distinction between name and reality has been an important issue in Chinese thought for more than two thousand years. At that time, it was also a time for everyone to preach. Laozi left the Tao Te Ching, and Confucius said, "He who hears the Tao in the morning will die in the evening."

This issue attracted attention very late in the West. Important figures who are somewhat related to this, such as Wittgenstein, are also important thinkers in Europe and the United States. However, unlike Chinese civilization, they talk about it from another aspect.

When I was watching a short video in my previous life, there was a professor who studied Chinese philosophy. He should be quite famous. He emphasized Chinese philosophy and told a short story. At a meeting, there were twenty or thirty professors studying Western philosophy, and he was the only one who studied it.

Professors of Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy looked down upon him. Then he lectured on the Diamond Sutra and said: The Buddha said Prajna Tantra, which is not Prajna Tantra, but is called Prajna Tantra. Then he asked others what Prajna Tantra is.

Twenty or thirty professors of Western philosophy could not answer, and admitted that Chinese philosophy was great. Finally, he said that Chinese philosophy should respect Western philosophy, but Western philosophy should not look down on Chinese philosophy, as it was not qualified.

The three sentences are actually still a distinction between name and reality, and there is nothing strange about it. It’s just that this problem has appeared in various ways in various schools of thought in history. The problem explained in this short video, in Wang Xiaolie’s view

, it’s not that this question is so profound, but the status of Chinese thought in reality. In China, when there is a philosophy conference, twenty or thirty students study Western philosophy, and only one studies Chinese philosophy. Still in China, those who study Western philosophy look down upon those who study Chinese philosophy

of.

Hegel, one of the most famous philosophers in the West, once thought that Chinese language was an inferior language because of its unclear concept. Some Chinese people also thought so after learning from Hegel.

What should I say? Wang Xiaolie can only say that in a civilized classroom, if you are just a third-rate student, don't pretend to be first-rate.

The distinction between Tao and name and reality will directly shake the foundation of European and American civilization. It is not that European and American civilization is wrong in Europe and America, but that those who want to move European and American civilization, especially European and American philosophy, to China have lost their foundation.

The reason is very simple. Europeans and Americans have religious beliefs. In the end, there is always a unique God who comes out to clean up the mess. But in China, there is no such omnipotent God, there is Tao.

This has nothing to do with materialism and idealism. In fact, the difference between the two is closely related to European civilization. It means that for Chinese civilization, there is no only God, and there is no reason associated with the only God.

There is a problem with the knowledge of the world and the stringing together of concepts.

Some people say that I don’t believe in God. So what? If that god appears in front of you, if Buddha appears in front of you, can you still persist? Chinese civilization can persist. Because in Chinese civilization, there are gods who are superior to the sky.

The way above Buddha.

People often ask, if modern science appeared in China, would it still be what it was in history? Definitely not. I just don’t know what it would be like, it didn’t happen in history. Just like Joseph Needham’s question, why didn’t industrialization happen first?

In China? How can the Chinese answer? We can only say, we unfilial descendants.

There are twenty to thirty times as many people studying Western philosophy as there are people studying Chinese philosophy. This data itself illustrates the value orientation. It has been one hundred and fifty years since the Chinese government sent the first batch of international students to the United States. One hundred and fifty years

In the past ten years, to be honest, the Chinese people have not learned anything in terms of philosophy. What they have really learned is to go back to China and completely criticize Chinese civilization. I have also learned that facts are not important. I have learned the theory

That's what matters. If the facts don't match my theory, then the facts are wrong.

When quantum theory was proposed, Einstein simply couldn't believe it. Of course, in the end, it was Einstein who was wrong.

Many scientists in history, including the British, Germans, and even the Chinese, ultimately believed in God. Although some people really believed in a personal God, some believed in an impersonal Creator. Why? Because this ideological system originated from

Came from above.

Does science have only one look? Does human society have only one look?
Chapter completed!