Chapter 379: Complement each other

"The difference between the theory of Shu and other schools lies in the emphasis on emotion. Those who are rational but not close to human feelings are like the full moon and bright, beautiful and beautiful, but of no practical use. Those who are in line with human desires and emotions are like oxen.

Mud is enough to fertilize the fields."

“That’s why being unkind to human feelings is not a natural principle; being unkind to human feelings is not a sign of evil desire.”

"As for what you said about husband and wife being a natural principle and concubinage being a human desire, from Su You's perspective, it's a different understanding."

"Master said, don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you. This is the law of nature that is considerate of human feelings."

"From this point of view, a wife loves her husband only, but if the husband and his concubine do not favor each other, this is a betrayal of humanity. As for being lustful, it is even worse."

"People have a love for beauty, which is a natural principle; but because they love beauty, they have to do everything possible to possess it, even at the cost of causing harm to others. This is human desire."

"When it comes to food, Su You has more say. I don't think the pursuit of food is an evil desire."

"After the popularization of soy sauce, watercress, tempeh, and sauerkraut in Shuzhong, many things that everyone avoided before have been turned into delicacies. The output of a pig has almost doubled than before. How can we say it is useless?"

"The true human desire does not lie in whether the food is exquisite or whether the clothes are gorgeous, but in the master's contribution and dedication to the world. It cannot match that exquisiteness and splendor!"

"Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was fond of horses, goshawks, and hunting. The same was true for the kings of the Liao Dynasty. But can the two be compared?"

Zhang Zai pondered for a long time: "This argument is reasonable, but in this way, everyone pursues fresh clothes, delicious food, and treasures of beautiful utensils. Isn't this the source of fighting? Isn't it far away from the rule of ancient times?"

Su You said: "In the time of Yao, there were straw huts and gray clothes."

"In the time of Shun, we cultivated Mount Li, Yu Lei Ze, and Tao Riverside."

"In the time of Yu, there was a golden tripod."

"Three generations ago, the people were few and the animals were numerous. The people were invincible to the animals, insects, and snakes. A sage made a wooden nest to avoid harm from the crowd, and the people were happy with it, making him king of the world. He was called Youchao."

"The people drank blood like hair and were weak and sick. There was a sage who drilled wood to make fire and cooked food to make him strong. He also made nets to catch fish. The people were happy with them and made them kings of the world. They were called Suiren's family."

"The people were short of grain, but there were sages who cultivated grass, planted grains, and tasted hundreds of herbs. When hungry, they had food to eat, and their illnesses were cured. But the people were happy with it, and made them kings of the world. They were named Shen Nong."

"Therefore, in the three dynasties, the virtues that prevailed were the kings' virtues that spread throughout the world. They were not praised for their craftsmanship and property."

"What the Master refers to is political clarity and harmony, people who govern are harmonious, those who govern regard the world as a commonwealth, and those who are governed are loyal and diligent in their duties."

"If you don't discern it, you still think about living in a hut, gathering grass, buying coffins for pearls, and you're stuck in the past."

"The difficulty of governing is to make the people prosperous, but is virtue as recent as ancient times?"

Zhang Zai murmured: "Emotion is the beginning of reason, and it is also the beginning of desire; establishing heavenly principles eliminates human desires, which leads to despair; but emotion cannot be extinguished, so we can only be close to human feelings, that is, close to heavenly principles..."

Su You added: "To treat others' hearts as one's own is to be close to human feelings and the way of nature. Destiny is called nature, spontaneity is called Tao, and cultivating the Tao is called teaching. Let the greatest number of people fulfill their lives without feeling any regrets.

To abide by one's nature and not feel restrained, to be taught by one and not feel bored, this is the mean."

Zhang Zai said with emotion: "Although Mingrun is young, he thinks deeply about justice and theory. It is said that literati in Sichuan have more literary words but less justice. Now it seems that what they say is untrue. I have one more question to ask."

Su You bowed and said: "I don't dare, please ask Sir to explain."

Zhang Zai said: "Can gentlemen and villains stand together in the court?"

If someone else had asked this, Su You would definitely doubt his intentions, but when Zhang Zai asked, he was sincerely pursuing knowledge.

Su You didn't shy away from it either. This in itself was the way he would conduct his life in the future.

So he said bluntly: "Sir, has Yuan Qi theory been completed?"

This is the core content of Guanxue.

The origin of the universe and the world, whether it is based on matter or spirit, is the most basic question of philosophy, and it is also a question that every philosopher must answer.

Zhang Zai believes that Qi can be used to express the basic form of material existence and the basic state of material movement. Whether it is gathered into an imaged "you" or dispersed into an invisible "nothing", its essence is "you".

And "nothing" is a theoretical concept that does not actually exist. It is said that "too empty is Qi, then there is nothing."

This is Qi Ben Lun.

From this, the theory of material eternity was developed. Zhang Zai believed that the ontology of the universe and the foundation of all things is Qi, so all things are transformed from Qi, and all things in various forms are all different manifestations of Qi.

Qi, as the ontology of the universe, exists eternally, but its form of existence is constantly changing and manifesting itself in different forms.

In the destruction, generation and transformation of matter itself, there is no death of Qi. This means that "Qi is the essence", "Qi transforms all things", and "Qi has no birth or death".

This idea about the material unity of the world and the eternity of matter is quite advanced today.

With the foundation of Qi Ben Lun, according to philosophical thinking, it is time to explain the laws of its movement, development and change.

Zhang Zai believes that the natural state of Qi is the invisible Taixu, the basic characteristics of Qi are movement and stillness, and Qi is constantly undergoing "depression, steaming, condensation, health and smooth movement and cessation".

The changes in the life and death of all things are the manifestation and result of Qi changes.

The reason for this, Zhang Zai believes, is because the Qi of Taixu is the combined body of the two Qi of Yin and Yang.

The chaotic state in which yin and yang are not separated is Taixu, also known as Yuanji.

Everyone is familiar with the following theory: Wuji creates Tai Chi, and Tai Chi produces Liangyi. Yin and Yang interact and change to produce all things.

The two qi of yin and yang are in the same unity. They are opposed to each other, struggle with each other, stir up each other, and are also connected with each other, interdependent, penetrating and germinating with each other.

As the saying goes, "Yang alone cannot grow, and Yin alone cannot grow." The movement and change of this relationship between the two qi is the fundamental reason and driving force for the movement and change of all things.

This is actually dialectics. Zhang Zai used incisive words to summarize that one thing has two bodies, and everything must move organically.

This is the philosophical foundation of Guan Xue, followed by the epistemology and human nature theory developed from it, forming a relatively rigorous philosophical logic.

The epistemology in it extensively expounds the relationship between thinking and existence, consciousness and matter.

Therefore, Su You doesn’t know whether those brilliant people who claim that China has philosophy are not knowledgeable enough or have ulterior motives.

Zhang Zai didn't know that Su You had done a lot of research on his theory, so he was a little surprised: "What I learned through foolish thinking, has Mingrun also heard about it?"

Su You smiled and said: "Shu Studies also have its own set of explanations for this, which are based on Tianshi Dao's research on chemistry."

"The word Qi is commonly used with Qi, but we can't. Qi has been used by us to describe a state of objects. It refers to those fluids that are shapeless, have volume, and can be compressed and expanded."

"A gas, like a liquid, is a fluid: it can flow and deform. But unlike a liquid, a gas can be compressed and expanded. If there are no restrictions, the gas can expand infinitely and its volume is not limited."

"And Yuan Qi is a concept that existed in ancient China. It refers to the original matter that produced and constituted all things in the world. "Shuowen" has a saying: Yuan, Tong'yuan', Shiye, refers to the origin of all things in the world."

Zhang Zai couldn't help but be a little curious: "What are the material states of Shu studies?"

Su You smiled and said: "Solid state, liquid state and gaseous state."

There is still an ionic state in my heart, but I can't talk to Zhang Zai now.

Zhang Zai asked again: "Then what is the origin of matter according to Shu theory?"

Su You said: "It is the smallest indivisible unit in chemical reactions, which we call atoms. Substances composed of single atoms are called elements. After continuous research by Tianshi Dao, there are now about

There are probably thirty or forty kinds.”

After speaking, he brought out what he learned from Shu and discussed it with Zhang Zai.

Zhang Zai listened with rapt attention and finally asked: "Have you studied physics to such a detailed level?"

Su You smiled self-consciously: "I am ashamed. It is precisely because of the excessive emphasis on the study of things that Shu Xue is lacking in moral philosophy. Su You admires Guan Xue's thinking in this aspect."

"In Guan Xue, using Qi to describe the origin of the universe seems more reasonable than using atoms to describe the origin of matter. Because in chemical research, we have discovered some rules, that is, the masses of elements are different."

"We suspect that elements should be able to be subdivided into more basic units. The difference in element quality and properties may be the difference in the number of basic units that make up the elements. This basic unit, or what Mr. Qi calls

."
Chapter completed!