Which one is more important in colleges and primary schools?

In China, this seems to be divided into two levels. On the one hand, many people think that universities are more important, and their reasons are very simple - such a large country has almost no engineers and almost no technicians of their own, and the serious lack of intellectual resources limits the development of the country's industry. Therefore, universities are more important, but what they cannot deny is that in order to establish a brand new nation, primary schools are also extremely important.

It is well known that in the process of the rejuvenation of China from the beginning of the Minyuan period, this ancient country has been immersed in various difficulties and has difficulty strideing forward - including chaos, war, poverty, disease, disorder, ignorance and superstition. It can be said that the low education has seriously affected China's future. Every knowledgeable person is very clear that if it cannot change the large-scale ignorance and low popularity of basic education in China, the latter will directly become a shackle for the country's progress, just like now.

However, the actual demand forced China to first establish university education to meet the needs of industrial construction and development. Because of this, universities were established one after another as early as the late Qing Dynasty, but the scale of those universities was limited and far from meeting China's needs.

It is also under this premise that out of its own needs, as early as the second year of the Republic of China that ** Company cooperated with Dehua University in Qingdao at that time to establish the "Dehua University Lianyun Branch", but the scale of this branch is much larger than Dehua University. In the planning, this university even exceeded the understanding of the university in this era, at least in its scale.

"For China, I hope that one day Dehua University will become a gorgeous dream. For me personally, I hope Dehua will cultivate engineers of world-class standards and become a catalyst to reshape this country with a deep and dull color."

When this Lianyun branch was founded, Li Zicheng, then chairman of the company, had so much hope for this university. While he was full of hope, he naturally had the determination to "do everything". From the 12 million yuan school construction fee at the time of establishment to the subsequent expansion, all witnessed the company's expectations for this university. All the purpose was to build this university into a first-class higher science and engineering university in China, and even the world.

In order to meet the needs of teaching, the company has invested more and more frequently and within its capacity. It has introduced professors and scholars from all over the world. At the beginning, Dehua University was jointly organized by Sino-Germany, and German professors and scholars became the mainstream of this university.

By the third year of the Republic of China, before China and Germany declared war, 314 of the 387 professors came from Germany, and only a dozen professors from Britain, the United States and other countries. Since the end of the 19th century, Germany's higher education has been ahead of the world in research, attracting students from Europe and the United States to challenge the classical education traditions of Oxford and Cambridge. Some critics pointed out that Oxford and Cambridge are not as good as the old-fashioned, and it seems that university education is to cultivate gentlemen. One-sided focus on the training of morality, character, behavior, and behavior. The course is too narrow to keep up with the development of reality and science and technology. Some people even further deduced that this "gentleman imperialism" nurtured by Oxford and Cambridge made the British elite lack practical skills. As a result, by the 20th century, Britain was completely overtaken by Germany. Such gentleman education led to the decline of the British Empire.

Naturally, under the influence of this idea, as well as a large number of German professors and the use of German textbooks, this school naturally had a strong German education style. At that time, this newly established university was regarded by the education community as a higher science and technology university that was "no different from Germany and generally excellent".

Dehua University, which fully imitates the German higher education system, is as full of professionalism as any German university and cultivates specialized talents. However, in the subsequent war in Europe changed everything. In order to ensure that the country is not lost, China's "forced" to declare war on Germany was accepted by professors at Dehua University. Although it did not affect their teaching, due to the subsequent expansion of the enrollment scale, Dehua University must be further expanded, and at the same time recruit more foreign scholars and professors come to Dehua...

As early as the company was founded, a plan had been carried out, "the first year enrolled 3,500 students, the second year enrolled 4,000 to 4,500 students, the third year enrolled 5,000 students, the fourth year enrolled 6,000 to 6,500 students, and until the annual enrollment was stable..." This is a highly ambitious advanced program.

This may be the "utilitarian" of enterprise school management, and the reason for formulating this plan is actually in line with the development plan formulated by the company. According to the company's plan, after the founding of Dehua University for three and a half years, that is, after the first phase of the students graduated, they just happened to catch up with the company's great development period, so that they can become qualified technicians or researchers in practice. After the current students in the Three Realms graduate, the company has the largest "technical team" in China, and within ten years, it will replace foreign technicians and occupy the mainstream of the company's technicians.

Because of this plan, the expansion of Dehua University must be strictly implemented in accordance with this plan. However, due to the war, hiring scholars and professors from Germany became a frightening task. In addition, a small number of German professors chose to resign after declaring war between China and Germany. In order to expand such schools, in order to reduce professors, in order to ensure that the quality of teaching does not decrease, professors must be introduced from other countries.

In the end, the company turned its attention from Germany to the United States. Since the third year of the Republic of China, a large number of professors and scholars were introduced from the United States. Attracted by high salaries and sufficient research funds, although it was extremely eager for professors and scholars, the Joint Conference of Professors of Dehua University fully exerted its autonomy in the process of hiring American professors and scholars, and strictly controlled the employment of each professor. Despite this, in less than two years, Dehua still introduced more than 320 professors and scholars from the United States.

Deward, who was introduced with these professors, also the American higher education system. Since the end of the 19th century, American universities have expanded rapidly. This expansion of universities is due to the development of science and technology, and the growth of population and the popularization of education. Therefore, research universities and undergraduate boarding colleges have become two important concepts that shape the development of American universities.

Compared with German universities, the excellence of American universities is that they do not have a system. Therefore, it is difficult for people to summarize the achievements and experience of American higher education in one or two concepts. Between 1860 and 1910, American higher education was under the influence of Germany. A group of educators trained and influenced by German universities set off a movement to build research universities. They received funding from many consortiums and achieved fruitful results. By the 1890s, the graduate schools of Harvard University, the University of Chicago, and Columbia University flourished, and the production of local doctoral students increased greatly.

By the turn of the century, it was almost impossible to find a professorship at a university without a doctorate. In 1901, Yale announced that research results and national academic reputation were used as the criteria for evaluating professors. Stanford even published the professor's research results in its annual report. By 1910, the university's goal was defined as creating knowledge and cultivating senior experts in specific fields. The past general education, and the comprehensive cultivation of the mind, wisdom, and character, seemed to have become obsolete.

This development has aroused opposition from many people in the education community. In their opinion, the negative result of attaching importance to research is that undergraduate education is neglected. The research institute is too large and has become the mainstay in universities. Professors are dedicated to research and regard teaching as a burden and do not devote enthusiasm. More importantly, the expansion of the school scale has made the relationship between teachers and students more distant, and students do not receive necessary life guidance. They have learned some specific skills, and have knowledge but are not moral, and it is difficult to assume the responsibility of leading the society. Therefore, they emphasize that the purpose of the university is not only to impart professional knowledge, but more importantly, to "educate a complete person". Research universities are corroding the traditional humanistic value of the university...

After coming to Dehua, those American professors did not agree with Germany's "incomplete education". In their opinion, German universities are overly specialized and cultivate specialized talents, but not complete people. In their opinion, Germans, as individuals, can only make a group. As long as you look at the thinkers, scientists, writers, and artists trained in modern Germany, you can't help but marvel at the creativity of the German nation. However, Germany as a whole has repeatedly disappointed.

The company has never inquired about this "academic" conflict. After all, according to the regulations of the company to establish this school, "from the date of handover, the company no longer enjoys any power over the school." In this academic conflict between professors of Germany and the United States, the two sides finally chose to compromise. After all, both have complementarity and conflict. In this complementarity and conflict, the balanced development of university education is maintained. Under this mutual influence, Dehua University has undergone extremely obvious changes. First, it was changed from the department to the college, and all undergraduates were allocated to 12 colleges. In this way, each college became a small world for hundreds of students to eat, live together, and classmates, which is conducive to the interaction between students.

Even under the advocacy of American professors, the undergraduate degree was changed from three years to four years, and the first two years of undergraduate degree had to be spent in boarding colleges. Most students stayed in colleges throughout the four years. Each college had a hospitalized dean and several hospitalized professors. In addition, each college also arranged "college discussion classes" to be held in the college in the afternoon and evening, with a maximum of 18 students in each class, and a limited writing discussion class was within 15.

It is also in this process that Dehua University has transformed from the past "professional science and technology school" to a college-centered general education, allowing students to develop comprehensively in their minds, knowledge and physical aspects. However, this is true, this transformation was not completed overnight. At least Dehua now still focuses on research, and even this is the subject of most students.

For students at Dehua University’s School of Engineering, perhaps the laboratory with complete facilities has always been the place they are most proud of. Although the dormitory of the university seems a bit simple, for these students who spend most of their time improving design, perhaps the laboratory is the most important.

"clatter!"

While the timer sounded, Android turned on the electric oven and took out the baking tray and saw extremely slender black strips in his eyes. Before it cooled, he used a magnifying glass to check the refills on the tray. The quality of each refill looked very good.

"How is it, diligence, how is the development of the refill core going?"

Just as Android was waiting for the natural cooling of the refill, he heard a sound from the door. Without listening to the sound, he also knew who it was, his friend Song Jiacheng. He was a student of the School of Engineering, not both of them were different departments, but this did not prevent them from becoming friends. Even when everyone was busy with graduation design, they were still chasing the dream of "teaching" a year ago during the summer vacation a year ago.

"Teaching support" is a unique social practice at Dehua University. It often goes to remote areas far away from the railway to serve as a "temporary teacher" for two months. It is just based on personal voluntaryness. Most Dehua University students are more willing to engage in social practice in professors' laboratory or factories, but the two of them choose "teaching support" that only a very small number of people choose.

It was also at that time that those in Weinan area acted as short-term teachers in the primary schools built by the company. They discovered that those primary school students who were eager to study were never willing to write with pencils. The reason was very simple, with five copper plates of pencils. But how many parents were willing to spend this money every few days? Therefore, most of the time, primary school students practiced writing on the ground with wooden sticks, and only when doing homework was done, they were willing to write with pencils donated by the company...

Then they began to pay attention to this problem that no one noticed. Pencils are a necessity for students to attend classes, but for most poor children, it is not easy for them to come to school. Buying pencils has invisibly increased the burden on their families. Although it is donated by the Ministry of Education and the company, donation is just a drop in the bucket compared to the needs of students. Although using brushes seems to be very cheap, it increases the use of homework books, and it may also pollute textbooks that need to be recycled. It can be said that at least in terms of calligraphy and homework, because the price of pencils is expensive, there are always such and such problems.

Almost as they returned to school and launched the donation of students with "one meal and one pen", they also began to study a "cheap" writing tool. They made a lot of attempts for this "cheap" writing tool. Finally, after walking around, they returned to the original pencil.

The world's first pencil was invented in 1792. The structure of the pencil is extremely simple. Two wooden pieces are mixed with clay and graphite powder and fired. This pencil has been used for more than a hundred years and was introduced to China from the West until the Qing Dynasty. In order to maintain smooth writing, wooden pencils need to be cured from time to time, so the service life of a pencil is extremely short.

The purpose of the two of them is to develop a "cheap pencil", but how can such a simple, originally extremely cheap pencil be cheaper?

Almost when the two of them proposed this idea, they were puzzled and even ridiculed. Will there be a cheaper "pencil" than a "pencil"? Whether it is puzzled or ridiculed by the outside world, they first thought of trying every possible way to reduce the production cost of pencils. For this reason, they went to the pencil factory to examine the pencil manufacturing process. For these two students studying mechanical engineering, what they could do was to improve the manufacturing process.

After a series of investigations, they spent half a year to successfully reduce the bottoming by transforming production equipment and free of paint on the pen holder, but this subtle success was not enough. In the end, they chose another method to reduce the refill core, and even proved through practice that the refill core will last longer.

In order to make a thinner refill, Android Qin even switched to learning chemical engineering to improve the formula of the wool core that has not been changed in a century, so as to create a thinner refill that does not reduce the strength of the refill. By reducing the diameter of the refill, according to Android Qin's idea, if the refill is thin to 0.7-1 mm, then there is no need to cut out the pen tip. While he was developing the refill, Song Jiacheng devoted himself to the design of the cut-free pen.

"Zi Yang, look!"

As soon as he saw his friend, Android Qin smiled and pinched a thin refill as thin as a hair and said.

"The graphite lead core is graphite and clay, but it is made so thin that if you want to increase the strength, you need to add more clay. At that time, you will have the problem of being unable to write clearly. I have been trying this for a while..."

"Always try to use other materials to improve the plasticity and adhesion of the refill, so as to improve the molding performance of the lead core. This time I used malt sugar and astragalus gum. In order to change the performance of the lead core, after the lead core is sintered, it used oil immersion to improve the physical properties of the lead core, such as wear, concentration, core tip stress, slippage, hardness, etc. This time, I used paraffin and beef and sheep oil. The prices of these raw materials are not high. I calculated that the cost is within an acceptable range. If the refill meets the requirements, it can be reduced by at least 30%. In this case, this is just the refill. If your sharp-free pen can be taken out again, well... a box of refills is equivalent to twenty pencils, and the cost is only three copper coins. At that time, everyone can use pencils..."

While joking, Android frequently installed the refill on the tester to test its strength. At the same time, it took out a pen case from the drawer, which included several metal "sharpening-free pens", which were Song Jiacheng's early research results.

"Diligent, try this pen!"
Chapter completed!