[[[CP|W:335|H:300|A:C|U:http://file2./chapters/201211/27/2503560634896543116927104909675.jpg]]]]

The so-called family pattern is the symbol of a family. It can be seen from various materials that the history of family patterns is the history of heralds. Family patterns began in Japan in the middle of the Heian era. There are two theories in Japan, one said in the Baoyuan and Heiji periods (1156-1159); the other said in the early years of the Yuan Lai Dynasty (1182-1204). No matter which statement, heralds were first published in the lives of the nobles and nobles.

Home text origin

At that time, poetry and music were popular. The nobles and nobles often went out to participate in social activities and mostly took ox carts. Many of them had black paint and it was difficult to identify the chariot of my chariot. Some people inlaid gold wire patterns on a certain part of the cart, which was the origin of the family pattern.

With the diversification of people's lives, the scope of application of home patterns has become wider and wider. Some families simply weave home patterns on clothes when weaving cloths. This home patterns are also called ground patterns. Wearing them not only brings the family logo, but also adds beautiful colors to the clothes. This practice has been passed down to this day.

develop

When the family patterns were just released, the patterns mostly adopt a relatively auspicious plant form. If the plant itself is a herb, it can eliminate evil and avoid evil, and it also means that the family scenery is prosperous, it is a plant that people like. For example, the family patterns of the Tianhuang family are sixteen-petal chrysanthemums. Legend has it that chrysanthemums can drive away evil, and are solemn and generous. They are regarded by the royal family and are designated as family patterns. Once they are designated as family patterns, they will be used for generations.

In the late Heian era, the five gangs who were qualified to serve as regent in Japan were known as the five photographers - Konoe, Jiujo, Erjo, Yi, and Takashi. They focused on the ranks of the ranks, showed off their power in the palace, chose elegant and beautiful heralds, and displayed them in formal occasions or in public, objectively promoting the development of the aesthetic of heralds.

After the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate, the regime changed from a noble and noble to a samurai class. Family patterns were the product of the times and always reflected the politics of the time. Compared with the noble and noble, the family patterns of the samurai were less elegant and practical. Because of civil strife and war, it was necessary to quickly identify the enemy and us. Not only the battle flags, weapons, horse seals, and carriage curtains had family patterns, but even the clothes and utensils of the daily clothes had family patterns. At that time, the heroes were in the separatist state, and the army was not familiar with family patterns, so they could not defeat the enemy. Due to the requirements of the times, the book "Seeing and Experienced Family Patterns" was first published.

When Tokugawa Ieyasu was in power, the world was peaceful and the family patterns used during the war became useless. Later, the samurai set their status levels, so there were different regulations on etiquette and daily behavioral norms. When attending shifts and meetings, they all needed to understand the family patterns. For this reason, the book "The Imperial Patterns" containing the patterns of various famous masters was published. Due to a long period of peaceful life, the life of the rulers became extravagant, and the family patterns became decorative and diversified, such as the Ida pattern, Kaga pattern, deer-skin pattern, wing pattern, grass pattern, etc. Due to the circulation of currency and the development of business, the rich common people also liked different heralds.

In the Edo period, family patterns were the most popular. In terms of its subject matter, not only plants, but also the sun, moon, stars, rivers, seas, waves, wind, flowers, snow and moon that represent nature. There are also ships, carriages, horses, wheels, weapons, bows and arrows made by humans. Numbers in life: one, two, three, ten thousand words, crosses, etc. have also entered the theme of heraldic emblems.

Although the Japanese issued a ban on wearing knives, they never announced a ban on house patterns. So at that time, not only did the upper class have a ban on house patterns, but also ordinary businessmen, employees, and farmers had a ban on house patterns.

There are many beautiful legends about home patterns, such as wing patterns, which are overlapping the home patterns of two lovers, indicating that they fly together and congratulate each other on their long-lasting marriage. Trying to mark home patterns on durable items has become a fashion at that time. Especially when the dowry of a married girl is marked with home patterns, such as dressing tables, cosmetics, etc.

Family patterns can restrain people's behavior. If you wear clothes with family patterns and use items with family patterns, you don't have to name them, and others will know the people of the family. Therefore, the subjects of the family leader to educate them and pay attention to protecting the interests of the family after going out. If you act misconduct, the reputation of the entire family will be corrupted.

The colorful family patterns added colorful colors to the Edo Muraku culture. This also shows that family patterns were prevalent in the Monroe era.

The white flag and the red flag warrior family patterns can be said to be the product of war. In the war, family patterns are the basis for distinguishing between enemies and me, and are used for inspection of military achievements after the war. When the troubled times end, family patterns also lose their vitality.

It turns out that only the family patterns that were owned by the nobles were quickly popularized among samurai after the "White Flag vs. Red Flag" era of the Genhehe War. Since the Kamakura era, samurai fought against the enemy on the battlefield, and all used flag seals to indicate the location of the army. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Muromachi period to the Warring States Period where heroes were divided, the family patterns on the formation, flag pointing objects, flags, and horse seals were the only basis for distinguishing enemies from each other from a long distance.

Different banners of source style and flat style were first seen in "The Story of Pingzhi":

"The Ping Family uses red flags, and the red light shines in the sun. The Yuan Family has white flags, and the wind blows, making it magnificent, which greatly boosts its morale." Later, a record of the "Talk of the Ping Family" of the Chinese War:

"There is also the same in front of this hall. Three hundred cavalry from other troops came with red flags and pedaling the ringtones." (Omitted) "As soon as Guangsheng finished speaking, he stood the abandoned red flag and wore white flags." Yuanping's two families used the white flag and red flags as identification credentials for their respective camps at that time.

The confrontation between the military forces was simple in the Yuanping era, and family patterns had not become a necessary thing. Genji, who had no land in the wild, used white flags, while the Hei family used red flags, which were only two colors. Since ancient times, the military flags of the imperial court were red, so the Hei family took the traditional red flags as military flags; Genji's army fought the white flags to participate in the war, probably to fight against the Hei family.

Red is a color that is easy to boost morale. Relatively speaking, white is pure and pure, and is the color of pure gods. It is said that gods are here, and the army often uses it to seek the protection of the gods. Later, it develops into a banner dyed with the gods on white background, with the black God of Amaterasu and the Great Bodhisattva of Hachiman.

In the first year of Wenzhi (1185), the Ping Family was destroyed in the West Sea, and the Dingbai Banner of the Yuan Lai Dynasty was the special banner of the Genji.

Five years after the demise of the Hei family, Genna Rai Dynasty sent troops to Oshu to conquer Fujiwara Taiheng. According to "My Wife Mirror", on July 26, the fifth year of the Manji Dynasty, Lai Dynasty passed by Utsunomiya, Shiro Satake from the Genna clan, and came to participate in the war. Satake came out of the Genna family, but when Genna was in war, he stood on the side of the Hei family, and had to plead with Yoshimoto and others, and was confiscated only by the seven counties of Oshu and other territories. When Lai Dynasty conquers Oshu, Takao was eager to make contributions and rushed to join the battle from Changlu Kingdom. Unexpectedly, the military flag used by Takao was the unwritten white flag, which was the "directly used imperial flag". Lai Chao was not very happy, so he gave Satake a military fan with a bright moon on it and asked him to use it as a military flag. From then on, the casual use of the white flag was banned. Takao painted the text of the military fan on the flag, which was the family pattern of the Satake family and one of the earliest Wushu family patterns.

Long afterwards, each tribe and even a family had their own heralds, which became a established custom.

The popularization of the Wujia family pattern. The white flag of Genji flew all over the world, and the battle of Ouyu and the Chengju riots began one after another. At this time, the guardians and samurai in the country could not use the white flag uniformly, so there were various flags and curtains as identification objects. The Kinja Party among the seven Musashi parties used the "roof fan" as the symbol, which was the earliest example of the use of the Jiazhi on the flag seal. In addition, the "Murano" of the Hatsuyama family, the "Taokaoyusheng" of the Kumaya family, and the "Three-tempered knot" of the Sasaki family are also widely known.

The curtain pattern is also used at the same time as the flag pattern. The "big and black" of the Shinta family, the "two strata" of the Ashikaga family, and the "three strata" of the Miura family are all from the curtain pattern.

"My Wife Mirror" On February 3rd of the second year of Kuanki (1230), at midnight, a commotion occurred in Kamakura. The family members holding the flag gathered outside the Taishi Mansion of Hojo Hojo. The next day, Taishi shone the family on the flag and returned the military flag to the owner. It can be seen that ordinary Kamakura samurai had used the house pattern at that time.

From the painting scroll of "Mongolian Attacking the Moonagahiroan's active samurai samurai Shinaka Takesaki's military achievements, we can understand the customs of the time, such as "Mongolian Attacking Ci", which describes military achievements. Among them, most of the Kyushu genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius genius (Shirazushino Morihisaki). Therefore, in the middle of the Kamakura period, family patterns had been promoted to the middle of the Western samurai.

Under the shogunate system, the shogunate sent troops to participate in the battle, and the samurai on the same battlefield had to testify against each other in order to reward merits after the war. Therefore, family patterns began to become an indispensable thing in the martial arts society.

The synonym for the martial family was at the end of Kamakura, and the tyrants of all countries in the world had their own family patterns. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the family patterns of the powerful nations in the country were well known in the world, and family patterns became synonymous with names. The military records at that time were used in the Ming Gao's "Taiping Ji", which used them to describe the military actions of warriors. For example, the "Taiping Ji" Volume 16 Hyogo Sea and Land Sentences:

"Sumama Ueno Tokamatsuoka Otsuka Kamatsuoka Otsuka Kamatsuoka, two two, four eyes tied, straight, Zuoba leaned against the kaka Kari's wheel, five or six hundred flows, and clouds like silences are sent to the hanging tulle".

The two are the Ashikaga family, and the four eyes are formed into the Sasaki family of Oe Genji. The Matsuda family is the former Matsuda family, and the Zuoba is the Utsumiya family, and the Takkariya refers to the Gao family. This is a typical record in "Taipei Ji" - the flag pattern represents the family's surname.

In the beginning, the family style was the representative of the name, and the same tribes used a kind of herald. During the chaotic times of the Southern and Northern Dynasties when the Ashikaga family rose, there were often wars between the same tribes. There was no difference between the heralds and the heralds and was easily confused. In this era, the number of wars and heralds and heralds was increasing rapidly. For example, the Battle of Mingde (1391) was a war between the Yamaname clan. In order to prevent the confusion of heralds and the bamboo leaf flag was used to distinguish it. Later generations used different heralds among the same tribes, which mostly came from this.

The emperor's heralds were chrysanthemum and tung patterns. In the early Kamakura period, there were often depictions on clothes and utensils, but the sun and moon patterns were painted on the flags on major occasions. By the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the royal family often gave chrysanthemum and tung patterns to meritorious soldiers (the famous ones such as Ashikagashi, "to follow the orders for praise, the tung patterns are exempted"). Therefore, after the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were many samurai who used chrysanthemum and tung family patterns. Nobunaga gave tung patterns to Hideyoshi, which was also a precedent.

In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, both the public and martial artists and the seals were important evidence for the family. Giving it to the meritorious soldiers was an important reward, because the seals maintained their natural authority. People at that time had considerable respect for the flags and curtains painted with heralds. In "Da Caozi", Imagawa's "Experience of the Flag Disaster", it said that there was an imperial flag painted with imperial patterns, a second white flag, and a third golden flag. The flags holding the flags must be selected by excellent soldiers.

In the middle of Muromachi, the family mandarin spread all over the world due to military needs. After the "Taipingji", the books and war records of the Muromachi era such as "Men Zhengji", "Daomen Military Record", "Kasakura Daishu", "Hajihara Hoshihara" and "Chentian'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an'an

"Papaya, wheel, melon pattern, three scales, four eye knots, Zhoubin, Ba, hornba, apricot leaves, middle black, しゅろ balls, thick thighs, two tendons, diamonds, pine skins, wheels, folding and thighs, Tang umbrellas, sails hanging on the boat, sorrels, tortoise shells."

Later, during the Eternal Matsu (1504-1521), the collection of family patterns "Seeing and hearing the various families", also known as "Ying Zheng's Patterns" or "Ashikaga's Patterns" and "Tongyama Temple Imperial Palace Imperial Palace". This is a collection of 260 kinds of family patterns from guarding daimyo to Chinese people, including patterns and names, and widely collected the original story of the Foothelium. It is a famous historical material for the study of Fookaga's Patterns.

After the end of the Echino Civilization Rebellion (1467-1477), the authority of the Ashikaga Shogunate was declining, and the backbone of the shogunate guardian Daime declined, and the new powerful brought Japan into the Warring States Period. After Echizen Uesugi Kenshin entered Kanto, he compiled the family patterns of the Kanto genius into the "Kanto Maku Notes" in the fourth year of Echinho (1561). Shino and Ueno were the center, and included the family patterns of Musashi, Anfang, Ueno, and the 251 families of the Takaraku family. In addition, Miyo Changqing's "Awa National Flag Mantra Control" included the family patterns of the Awa generals. This was the end of the heyday of the family patterns.

The meaning of home patterns

The choice of home patterns almost has its own unique significance. The early home patterns were only used for identification. As the times inherited, the types gradually increased, and home patterns also changed from simplicity to complexity, leaving behind various influences of each era. Here is a brief explanation of the various significances of home patterns.

①Elegant

House patterns are a decorative pattern, and the beautiful shape naturally becomes one of the factors for choosing heralds. This type of house patterns is mostly from the families of the ministers, because the house patterns of the public are derived from clothes and the decorative patterns of the carriages. Compared with the family patterns of the Wu family patterns, graceful and elegant heralds are obviously the mainstream.

The patterns of the public family are like peony, vine, gentian, papaya, Du Ruo, Tanghua, Ba, sorrel, chrysanthemum, Dingzi, lily, apricot leaves, cypress, crane, plum bowl, butterfly. They were originally all clothes patterns, and they were chosen according to the official’s own hobbies.

② Refers to things

This category is mainly heraldry related to the origin of the Miao character. The fingering emblems are divided into two types:

⑴ Home patterns directly related to the Miao character. For example, Torii is the "Torii" pattern, Kato is the "Fujimama に plus text" pattern, Ono, Okubo is the "Dawen", Kimura, Kima, and Kimuchi are the "Muji", Ishii, Nagai, Sakai, Inoue, and Hikone Fani Ishii are the "White Tail" or "White Tail", etc. There are many such home patterns that are directly related to names.

⑵ Contains riddles and hints, and it needs to be thought about to understand. For example, Yoshino's use of cherry blossom patterns because Yoshino's cherry blossoms are quite famous; Goto's Fujimaru calculates wood grains, and the other calculates wood represents five on the abacus (the five on the abacus, that is, a number bead on the upper part).

③Ruixiang

Don't worry, it's not auspicious auspiciousness from the sky... Most of the family patterns of auspiciousness contain wishes such as prolonging life and relieving disasters, prospering descendants, and fulfilling blessings.

Some family patterns are based on the second item "referring to the meaning of things", but also contain words such as Tian, ​​Chang, Da, Yoshi, Deputy, and Ri. A typical example is 30% of Ishida Oshima's "Great Good Luck" by 30% of the "Great Good Luck" and collects several auspicious words into family patterns, but they fail to change their own destiny.

The auspicious family patterns that were passed down in ancient times include the chrysanthemum patterns of the imperial family: the chrysanthemum flowers are elegant and are said to be the auspicious grass that prolongs life. Toyotomi Hideyoshi's family patterns are yuki tung, and "Tung" refers to the auspicious tree of the sycamore tree that is located in Chinese mythology. The crane lives for thousands of years and the tortoise lives for thousands of years, and the meaning of blessing is also obvious, such as the crane pattern of the south.

④Commemoration

This type of family patterns is mostly commemorated by things in the family history (an event that makes one's name famous or the birthplace of ancestors). The Matsuura family originated from Hirado Kajiya, Hiramae, so they used the "Kiji leaf pattern"; the Okanoi family originated from Mikawabashi, and therefore used the "floating line butterfly pattern".

⑤Shangwu

The Wu family patterns that go in and out of the streets of life and death have changed the patterns of the public, changing elegance to strength, and are for martial arts.

Initially, sword shapes were added to the patterns of the public family, such as sword papaya, sword Tanghua, sword sorrel, sword cypress, sword diamond, sword plum bowl. In order to preserve the family, flowers were left behind, and hoped that their descendants would be martial, and swords were added - so this almost contradictory family pattern was found.

One of the three artifacts used to sacrifice gods is the grass shaving sword. With the expansion of the warrior's power, sword-like weapons have been painted with heralds and gradually become a custom. Similar home patterns include bows, arrows, string rolls (the eyes of snakes), eagle feathers, lions, deer, flags, flags, shovel shapes, etc.

⑥Faith

This type of family patterns is a manifestation of beliefs such as Shinto, Buddhism, Catholicism, Confucianism, etc.

In the era of heroes' separatist rule, bloody tragedies such as siege and field battles frequently occurred. Whether it is Shinto, Buddhism, or Catholicism, many people have the desire to take refuge in religion to eliminate disasters and bring blessings. Religion is a rare comfort in troubled times.

The resulting heralds are based on their respective religious beliefs, including doctrines, mantras, sacrificial instruments, Buddha tools, etc., but they all express the hope of seeking the protection of the gods and Buddhas.

Among the home patterns, the most are the heralds related to this category.

Attachment: The meaning, terms and sect description of faith

①Shenya

From the great god Amaterasu to the god of the lower family, the earth-producing god (�ぶすなかみ), it is known as the "eight million gods", which shows how many of them are. Moreover, gods always have to adapt to the times, which lead to the rise and fall of faith. In the martial arts era, the most respected by warriors were the gods of Hachiman's bow and arrows, followed by Kumano Kwon, Suwa Ai Shen, Dai Mishima Ai Shen, Tianman Tian Shen, etc.

Starting from the belief in these gods, divine envoys, divine trees, divine grass, divine patterns and other divine names appeared on the family patterns in order to protect the underworld.

God's Messenger

Most of the messengers of God are birds and beasts, and it seems that birds and beasts are related to God. Examples include Asu's eagle, Hiraman's deer, Hachiman's dove, Inari's fox, Qibi's egret, Matsuo's turtle, and Kumano's karara.

Divine Wood

There must be trees in the shrine, and the trees become divine bodies, and the instructions of the divine talisman (it was really a by chance that I would call the Mu Lai, so there were endless people who would seek blessings), such as fir patterns.

God grass

The grass used in the sacred work is called the god grass, such as the "Kamo Aoi" of Kamo Aoi and Kajiba and cypress leaf patterns. The Honda family of Kamo Aoi and the reverence of Kamo Aoi Matsuhira (Tokugawa), both use the "Kamo" pattern. Kajiba and cypress leaf patterns are commonly used in ancient times, and thus became the later family patterns of the sages of the sage of the Aoi Shinto Suwa Shrine.

Divine pattern

The divine pattern is the heraldry used by the shrine itself, and it is included in the shrine patterns of the Akatsuki family. The famous divine pattern includes Kajiya of Shinno Suwa Akiko, Umebo of Tenmangu, Totoosh and "天" characters from Izumo Daishu Shrine, Izumo Daishi Shrine, Eagle Feathers from the Eagle Asu Shrine, etc. In addition, there are a few related creations of the shrine, and examples of sacrificial tools as family patterns, such as Chikakuyuki (the ×-shaped cross-wood creation at both ends of the shrine beams and pillars), bottles, zippers, jiwashing, foreheads, Torii and other god-sacred objects.

②Buddhism

In terms of faith, Shinto takes the present world as its thoughts, while Buddhism focuses on the events outside the present world after death. Compared with Shinto, Buddhism is less engaging in literary decoration.

Dharma instruments and Buddhist instruments become heralds. In addition to the meaning of faith, they may also be related to their neat and elegant shapes and suitable for home patterns.

Wheel treasure

It symbolizes that the earth is concave and flat, and all obstacles are broken.

Stars

The seven stars, nine stars and other wonderful signs are symbols of the Bodhisattva’s faith. The patterns of Qianye family are Nine stars and moon stars.

swastika

The Buddha's chest is filled with auspicious and virtuous virtues, and it emits the mark of great light.

No text

The cause of Zen belief.

③Catholicism

When Catholicism first came to Japan, there were many believers in the northeast of Kyushu. Since foreign teachers were strictly prohibited in the Tokugawa era, there were very few family patterns passed down. However, the descendants of enthusiastic believers still left behind the family patterns that imitated the shape of a cross, such as the family patterns that imitated the shape of a cross.

④Confucianism

Confucianism is naturally a religion that has been passed down from China. The family patterns are mainly based on the statue of the Book of Changes, such as the Bagua, the yin liang, the character pattern of the Shou character, etc. The yin liang is the most common family patterns, such as the yin liang of the Ashikagai family and the 3 yin liang of the Miura family.

⑤Cult

In the era of superstition, cult magic was popular among the people, avoiding disasters and curing diseases, prolonging life and attracting blessings, and examples of this type of family pattern are Abe Qingming Seal, Nine Characters, and Cage Eyes.

Most of the home patterns are symmetrical objects and have a wide variety of types. Here we try to make a simple classification.

① Plants

It is used more than animals, which shows the influence of Buddhism.

Examples: Ginkgo, pine, zeta, rice, bamboo, sashimi, cypress, kaji, Minghe, sashimi, aka, peony, iron wire, tung, plum, cherry, cherry, cherry, cherry, tung, tung, tung, platycodon, chrysanthemum, vine, knotweed, orange, Du Ruo, slice food, etc.

②Animals

Mammals, birds and insects are used more frequently.

Examples: lion, phoenix, deer, horse, rabbit, crane, eagle (eagle feather), geese, dove, bird, croaker, thousand bird, turtle, butterfly, clam, etc.

③Users

Most of them are items needed for life.

Examples: Wheel treasure, only garden guard, folding, coins, bells, bows, swords, military matches, formation hat, spade shape, string rolls, apricot leaves, bridles, sail hanging boats, rudders, oars, carriages, round fans, fan, five virtues, lofts,zhoubins, cotton, silk rolls, nets, nails, juke pillars, wood, money, red birds, rings, arrows, etc.

④ Buildings

Unlike equipment, it stands in a certain place and cannot be moved.

Examples: Qiansuoyumu, trunk, torii, forehead, wellbore, wellbore, truss, trunks, stone stacks, etc.

⑤ Pattern

Various straight lines, curved patterns and painting patterns.

Examples: rhombus, cutting rhombus, drawing two, eye knot, folding into, rice wife, mountain shape, cage eyes, tortoise shell, scales, horns, bars, papaya, spiral, snake eyes, vortex, Tanghua, くつわ, Tang grass, Sunfoot, etc.

⑥Text

Most of the words selected for home patterns have auspicious meanings, and the calligraphy and paintings are concise and neat.

Examples: one, two, three, five, six, eight, nine, ten, million, big, small, moon, water, sky, mountains, rivers, no, forest, upper, middle, additional, auspicious, snail, ba, long, blessing, well, etc.

⑦ Symbols

The combination of words and patterns is mostly spell talismans.

Example: Abe Qingming Seal, Nine Characters.

⑧Astronomy, nature

Sun, moon, stars, waves, snow, clouds, etc.

Examples: sun, moon, stars (shocks), clouds, clouds, water, etc.
Chapter completed!